Brain regions
The centre for detection and response to hunger/satiety
Whats is the brain stems role in controlling energy imbalance?
White adipose tissue
What tissue produces leptin
Stomach
Where is ghrelin produced?
Enterocytes
CCK cells are not released from. They are released from I-cells
L-cells
Where is GLP-1 produced
NPY/AgRP
What is the name of the group of neurons responsible signalling hunger
A reduction in circulating leptin levels
What follows a loss in body fat?
before a meal to stimulate food intake
When is ghrelin released?
Inhibits gastric emptying, gastric acid secretion and pancreatic enzymes secretion
What are the actions of PPY
Pro-glucagon gene
GLP-1 is derived from the
Ghrelin
What stimulates the NPY-secreting neurons
AMPK
What does leptin activate in the skeletal muscle and liver?
Gastric volume
Ghrelin is not inhibited by
Afferent vagal nerves
Post-prandial period
When does insulin act to reduce further food intake?
It receives signals from the peripheral hormones controlling both short and long term regulation of energy homeostasis
Where does the hypothalamic cells controlling energy imbalance receive signals from
Because leptin resistance is a contributing cause and therapy will therefore be ineffective
What don't we administer leptin as a form of treatment to those with obesity?
Arcuate nucleus NPY neurons
What does ghrelin stimulate in the hypothalamus?
Gastric emptying
What does CCK inhibit?
DPP-IV
What breaks down GLP-1
The NPY-secreting neurons
What cell population inhibits the melanocortin secreting neurons
reduction of appetite and increased energy expenditure
What effect does leptin have on the hypothalamus and brain stem?
Nutrients
What does ghrelin respond to?
Insulin and leptin
What potentiates satiety effects of CCK through hypothalamic connections
GLP-1 analogs and DPP-IV inhibitiors
What are major classes of diabetes therapeutics?