Mechanics

Planes & Axes

100

Command term: LIST

Question:
List the three fundamental planes of movement in the human body.

Expected answer:
Sagittal plane, frontal plane, transverse plane.

200

Command term: LIST

Question:
List the three fundamental axes of rotation in the human body.

Expected answer:
Frontal axis, sagittal axis, longitudinal axis.

300

Command term: IDENTIFY

Question:
Identify the axis of rotation associated with movement in the sagittal plane.

Expected answer:
Frontal axis.

400

Command term: IDENTIFY

Question:
Identify the axis of rotation associated with movement in the frontal plane.

Expected answer:
Sagittal axis.

500

Command term: DISTINGUISH

Question:
Distinguish between a plane of movement and an axis of rotation.

Expected answer:
A plane is the imaginary surface in which movement occurs, whereas an axis is the imaginary line around which the body or body part rotates.

Movement Match

100

Command term: IDENTIFY

Question:
Identify the movement that turns the palm upward.

Expected answer:
Supination.

200

Command term: IDENTIFY

Question:
Identify the movement that turns the palm downward

Expected answer:
Pronation.

300

Command term: IDENTIFY

Question:
Identify the movement in which the sole of the foot turns inward.

Expected answer:
Inversion.

400

Command term: IDENTIFY

Question:
Identify the movement in which the sole of the foot turns outward.

Expected answer:
Eversion.

500

Command term: DISTINGUISH

Question:
Distinguish between pronation and supination, and inversion and eversion.

xpected answer:
Pronation and supination describe rotation of the forearm/hand. Pronation turns the palm downward and supination turns it upward. Inversion and eversion describe movements of the foot. Inversion turns the sole inward and eversion turns it outward.

For 1.5x points:
Students must make both comparisons, not simply define one movement.

SKELETAL SYSTEM

100

Command term: STATE

Question:
State one function of the skeletal system.

Expected answer:
Accept one appropriate function, such as support, protection, or movement.

200

Command term: STATE

Question:
State the function of the skeletal system that helps protect organs such as the brain.

Expected answer:
Protection.

300

Command term: OUTLINE

Question:
Outline two functions of the skeletal system.

Expected answer:
Any two appropriate functions with a brief description, for example:

• Support — provides a framework for the body.
• Protection — protects internal organs.

400

Command term: OUTLINE

Question:
Outline three functions of the skeletal system.

Expected answer:
Three appropriate skeletal functions with a brief description of each.

For example:

• Support — provides the body with structure.
• Protection — protects internal organs.
• Movement — bones interact with muscles and joints to allow movement. 

500

500

Command term: EXPLAIN

Question:
Explain how the skeletal system contributes to human movement.

Expected answer:
The skeleton provides rigid structures and attachment points for muscles. When muscles produce force, bones move at joints, allowing body movement.

For 1.5x points:
Students need a cause-and-effect connection, not just “the skeleton helps movement.”

SPORT MOVEMENT ANALYSIS

100

Command term: IDENTIFY

Question:
Identify the primary plane of movement during a sit-up or trunk curl.

Expected answer:
Sagittal plane.

200

Command term: IDENTIFY

Question:
Identify the primary plane of movement and axis of rotation during a sit-up or trunk curl.

Expected answer:
Sagittal plane and transverse axis.

For 1.5x points:
Students must give both.

300

Command term: IDENTIFY

Question:
Identify the primary plane of movement and axis of rotation during a basketball set shot.

Expected answer:
Sagittal plane and transverse axis.

400

Command term: IDENTIFY

Question:
Identify the primary plane of movement and axis of rotation when throwing a dart toward the bullseye.

Expected answer:
Sagittal plane and transverse axis.

500

Command term: EXPLAIN

Question:
Explain why identifying both the plane of movement and the axis of rotation is useful when analysing a sporting movement.

Expected answer:
The plane describes the direction in which the movement occurs, while the axis describes the line around which rotation occurs. Using both allows the movement to be described more precisely.

DATA LAB

100

Command term: IDENTIFY

Question:
Identify the group with the lower mean arm span.

Expected answer:
Army recruits.

200

Command term: STATE

Question:
State the mean arm span of the basketball players.

Expected answer:
206.7 cm.

300

Command term: CALCULATE

Question:
Calculate the difference in mean height between the basketball players and the army recruits.

Expected answer:
195.9 − 175.6 = 20.3 cm

400

Command term: COMPARE

Question:
Compare the variation in height between the basketball players and the army recruits.

Expected answer:
The basketball players showed greater variation in height because their standard deviation was 9.1 cm, compared with 6.9 cm for the army recruits.

For full points:
Students must refer to both groups and the SD values.

500

Command term: SUGGEST

Question:
Suggest why the basketball players may have a larger standard deviation for both height and arm span.

Expected answer:
A reasonable suggestion is that professional basketball includes players with different positional roles and therefore a wider range of body sizes. This could produce greater variation in height and arm span.

Because the textbook question uses suggest, other reasonable explanations should be accepted if students connect them logically to the data.