Patho/Cell
Inj and Death
Inj and Death
These tiny cellular structures may be free in the cytoplasm or attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum and are responsible for protein synthesis.
What are ribosomes?
This term describes what the body does to a drug, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
What is pharmacokinetics?
This process occurs when a phagocyte surrounds and internalizes a microorganism, allowing intracellular destruction of the pathogen.
What is phagocytosis?
Unlike cells, these infectious agents contain either DNA or RNA, but not both, and cannot independently synthesize proteins.
What are viruses?
This term describes antimicrobial therapy started before culture and sensitivity results are available, based on the suspected site or type of infection.
What is empiric therapy?
Unlike hypertrophy, this cellular adaptation increases tissue size by increasing the number of cells.
What is hyperplasia?
A drug that binds to a receptor and produces a response, but cannot produce the same maximum response as a full agonist, is called this.
What is a partial agonist?
A virus infects a nucleated cell. A viral antigen is displayed by MHC I, allowing this lymphocyte to recognize and directly kill the infected cell.
What is a CD8+ cytotoxic T cell?
A virus remains quiescent in the host after the initial infection but can become active again years later. This pattern of infection explains recurrent disease.
What is latency/reactivation?
This glycopeptide must be given orally to treat C. difficile because the oral form is not systemically absorbed.
What is vancomycin?
A cell exposed to injury experiences ATP depletion but recovers after the stressor is removed before permanent damage occurs.
What is reversible cellular injury?
An infant receives a water-soluble medication. Because infants have a higher percentage of total body water, this pharmacokinetic measurement is larger.
What is volume of distribution (Vd)?
These molecules are recognized by innate immune receptors because they represent common patterns shared by groups of pathogens.
What are PAMPs?
This virus causes gingivostomatitis and recurrent cold sores, with recurrence explained by its ability to establish latency.
What is HSV-1?
This cephalosporin is a fourth-generation agent with strong Gram-negative activity including Pseudomonas, but it does not cover MRSA.
What is cefepime?
A patient with pulmonary tuberculosis develops a walled-off, cheese-like area of cell death that combines features of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis.
What is caseous necrosis?
A medication has a half-life of 8 hours. This is the range of time required to reach steady state.
What is 40 hours?
A patient develops tissue damage when circulating antigen-antibody complexes deposit in tissues, recruit inflammatory cells, and trigger injury. This hypersensitivity mechanism is responsible.
What is Type III hypersensitivity?
This respiratory virus is distinguished by its association with pharyngitis and conjunctivitis (“pink eye”).
What is adenovirus?
This antibiotic class binds the 30S ribosomal subunit, is bactericidal, and carries major risks of nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity.
What are aminoglycosides?
his type of necrosis occurs in the brain, affects neurons and glial cells, and involves hydrolytic enzymes that can produce a liquid-filled cyst or pus.
What is liquefactive necrosis?
Two drugs are present in the bloodstream at the same total concentration. Drug A is 90% protein-bound and Drug B is 50% protein-bound. This drug has the greater fraction immediately available to interact with receptors.
What is Drug B?
A tumor persists despite an immune response because chronic antigen stimulation eventually leaves tumor-reactive T cells functionally ineffective.
What is T-cell exhaustion?
An infant presents with dyspnea, wheezing, and retractions from bronchiolitis. Based on the respiratory-virus patterns from lecture, this is the most likely virus.
What is respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)?
This fluoroquinolone has the best Pseudomonas activity in its class and is one of the oral options for treating Pseudomonas.
What is ciprofloxacin?