Bacteria and cells
Why do bacteria have to be viewed through a microscope
Because they are too small to see with the naked eye
What are two uses of aspirin
Pain relief, reduction of inflammation/fever, reduce blood clot formation
A nanoparticle is designed to release a drug only in cancer cells. Explain why this could reduce side effects compared to chemotherapy.
The drug mainly affects cancer cells, so fewer healthy cells are damaged, reducing side effects.
State two vital signs measured in patients.
Heart rate
Body temperature
Blood temperature
Breathing rate
What is the main function of the heart?
To pump blood around the body.
What is the name of the genetic material within bacterial cells?
Nucleoid region OR plasmid
What is the final step in aspirin synthesis?
Placing the solution in an ice bath to ensure crystallisation
Why are nanoparticles particularly useful in medical treatments compared to larger particles?
Because their extremely small size allows them to enter cells, interact with biological molecules, and travel through the bloodstream more easily.
Why do vital signs matter in first aid? give 2 reasons
Decides if a situation is urgent, monitors if a person is getting better or worse, and communicates clearly with medical professionals
What substance does blood carry from the lungs to the rest of the body?
Oxygen
Name two structure that are found in bacterial cells but not in animal cells.
cell wall, flagellum, plasmid
What is the primary side effect of aspirin (bonus: what is the component of blood involved in the side effect?)
Reduces blood clotting (bonus: platelets)
Describe how CRISPR can be used to treat genetic diseases.
By cutting and correcting faulty genes in DNA.
What is the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure?
Systolic blood pressure measures the force against artery walls when the heart beats, while diastolic blood pressure measure the pressure while the heart rests in between beats.
Name the type of blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart.
Arteries
What is the function of ribosomes
Protein synthesis
Name one of the chemicals present in aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid)
salicylic acid OR acetic anhydride
What cells are targeted by anti-aging therapies?
Senescent cells
Predict one consequence of poor suturing technique on wound healing.
Infection, reopening of wound, excessive scarring.
State 3 differences between arteries and veins
- Arteries are more elastic and thicker than veins due to their need to withstand more pressure
- Veins have valves to prevent blood flowing in the wrogn direction whilst arteries do not
- Arteries carried oxygenated blood, veins carry deoxygenated blood
Briefly explain how bacteria develop antibiotic resistance.
Bacteria develop resistance through random mutations. When an antibiotic is used, most bacteria are killed, but a few may survive because they possess a mutant gene that is resistant to the medication. If the antibiotic is not completed the resistance bacteria continue to reproduce and pass on the gene, leading to AMR.
What is the name of the syndrome caused by aspirin use in young children?
Reye's Syndrome
How could 3D bioprinting help solve one major problems associated with organ transplants?
- Could reduce the shortage of donor organs
- Lowers the risk of organ rejection by using a patient's own cells to create replacement tissues or organs
What intervals are sutures commonly placed at?
1cm apart across the wound
State the correct order in which blood flows through the heart, starting from when oxygenated blood enters the heart and ending when it is pumped to the body.
Left atrium → left ventricle → aorta → body