Lymphatic System
These small, bean-shaped structures are found throughout the body and are crucial for filtering and trapping pathogens.
What are the lymph nodes?
What is the outermost layer of the skin that serves as a physical barrier against pathogens and helps prevent their entry into the body?
What is the epidermis or skin?
How are the heavy chains of antibodies attached?
What are disulfide bonds?
What does the T in T lymphocyte stand for?
What is thymus?
True or False: Fever is a component of the acquired immune system.
False.
What is the name of the clear, watery fluid that circulates through the lymphatic system, and where does it come from?
What is lymph and interstitial spaces?
Which type(s) of white blood cells, known for their ability to engulf and digest pathogens, are a key component of the innate immune system?
What are neutrophils and macrophages?
When a B-cell is activated, it produces what 2 types of cells?
What are plasma cells and memory B-cells?
Name the three different types of T-cells.
What are helper T's, cytotoxic T's, and regulatory T's?
Which antibody can exist as a dimer or a monomer?
IgA.
Which lymphatic organ, located just behind the sternum, is involved in T cell maturation and is most active during childhood?
What is the thymus?
What are the four cardinal signs of inflammation?
What are pain, redness, swelling, and heat?
Name the five different classes of antibodies.
IgM, IgA, IgD, IgG, and IgE.
Name the three immune cells that are responsible for presenting antigens to activate other immune cells, such as T cells.
What are B-cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages?
Allergic reactions can cause the release of histamines, leading to symptoms like itching and swelling. What type of immune cell plays a central role in allergic responses?
What are mast cells?
What is the term for the swelling of body tissues caused by an accumulation of excess lymphatic fluid?
What is edema?
Which type of innate immune cells can identify and kill virus-infected or cancerous cells without prior exposure?
What are natural killer (NK) cells?
What are the locations in the body where antibodies are effective?
What are the blood, lymph, and tissues / interstitial spaces?
What specialized type of T cell plays a crucial role in regulating the immune response by promoting or suppressing other immune cells?
What is the regulatory T Cell?
Name three examples of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues.
What are the tonsils, Peyer's patches, and appendix?
Name the largest lymphatic organ in the human body, which filters blood and plays a key role in immunity.
What is the spleen?
Unlike the adaptive immune system, the innate immune system does not exhibit antigen specificity. How does this affect the innate immune response?
What is that it responds to all pathogens - regardless of their type - the same way?
Which class of antibodies is the first to be produced during an initial immune response and is typically found as a pentamer?
IgM
Describe the four steps of the cell-mediated immune response.
What are:
1. APCs present antigens to Helper T cells for inspection, activating the T cell.
2. Helper T undergoes clonal selection and divides into either memory T cells or effector T's.
3. Effector T's produce cytokines to turn on other immune cells across the immune system.
4. Regulatory T cells turn the effector T cells off after the threat has been neutralized."
Arthritis is an example of which type of immune disorder?
What is autoimmune disease?
The lymphatic system maintains fluid balance in the body. Excess tissue fluid, not reabsorbed by capillaries, becomes lymph. What happens to this lymph?
What is collected by lymphatic vessels, filtered by lymph nodes, and eventually returned to the bloodstream?
How does inflammation aid in the immune response?
What is by speeding up healing and drawing more WBCs to the site of infection?
A neonate who is receiving breastmilk would have which antibody or antibodies in its blood?
IgG and IgM.
These molecules on the surface of cells are essential for presenting antigens to T cells, allowing them to distinguish between self and non-self. What are they called?
What are major histocompatibility complexes?
Describe the generic structure of an immunoglobulin.
What is a Y-shaped protein made of two heavy chains (connected by a disulfide bond) and two light chains?
Lymphatic vessels carry lymph throughout the body. In which direction does lymph flow in these vessels?
What is from the peripheral tissues towards the heart?
The chemical signals used by cells to communicate during an immune response are called __________.
What are cytokines or interferons?
Which mechanism of action involves antibodies immobilizing a pathogen until a phagocyte can engulf and destroy it?
What is neutralization?
How is the secondary response to an infection different from the primary response? Why?
What is the secondary response is stronger because there are more B and T-cells capable of detecting and responding to a particular pathogen/antigen?
A patient has been bitten by a dog. You inject him with antibodies from a patient that already recovered from rabies. What type of humoral immunity is this?
What is artificial passive immunity?