Musculo
skeletal
skeletal
Age related changes of the musculoskeletal system
Ossification, bone density decreases, loss of bone mass, bones become brittle and less compact thus break easily, decrease in height d/t kyphosis
Normal lab value for K+, Ca, Na and Phos
K+ 3.5-5.0
Ca 8.4-10.6
Na 135-145
Phos 3.0-4.5
What is the nurses role in pre-op as it relates to consent?
Ensuring consent form is signed and patient fully understands procedure.
Patient teaching pertaining to quadriceps setting exercises
Instruct patient to straighten leg out while lying down and to tense the leg muscles and straighten the knee while raising the heel slightly.
The contraction is half for a count of five seconds and released for a count of five.
Exercise is done on each leg 10-15 times hourly while the patient is awake.
Define diffusion and osmosis
Diffusion: The process by which substances move across the membrane until they are evenly distributed in the available space.
Osmosis: Movement of pure solvent across a membrane. Water moves by osmosis
Discuss diagnostic measures and tests related to TB
TST(Mantoux test), chest x-ray, blood tests (QuantiFERON-TB and T-SPOT)
Production of RBCs
RBCs develop from stem cells located in the bone marrow through erythropoiesis.
Kidney makes most of the body's erythropoietin, which prompts erythrocyte production by the bone marrow.
Erythropoiesis required iron folic acid and amino acids - obtained from proteins.
Etiology, diagnosis and nursing care related to osteoporosis
Risk factors include: age, chronic disease, PPIs, smoking, excessive caffeine and alcohol intake.
Diagnosis is by DEXA and QCT to assess bone density.
Nursing care includes: teaching pt about sufficient intake of calcium and Vitamin D, advantages of weight bearing exercise, harmful effects of smoking and excessive alcohol intake.
HL: RS cells involved. The disease spreads from one area to another via the lymphatic system and can invade other body systems.
NHL: Also abnormal proliferation of defective B or T cells. Less predictable and spreads more rapidly.
Nursing assessment of a patient post-op medial nerve decompression
Assess blood flow hourly by checking color, warmth of fingers and capillary refill.
Signs, symptoms and nursing interventions for hypokalemia
Hypokalemia: Abdominal pain, paralytic ileus, muscle weakness, decreased reflexes. Administer K supplements as ordered. Instruct pts (especially those taking diuretics) about foods high in potassium.
Discuss one way to stage cancer
TNM staging system
Discuss the different forms of acquired immunity:
Passive immunity: mother to baby
Active naturally acquired immunity: person contracts and survives a disease.
Active artificially acquired immunity: by vaccination or immunization.
Discuss the different types of anemia
Megaloblastic (pernicious) anemia: Faulty absorption of specific nutrients, such as vitamin B12. Treatment includes admin of B12.
Nutritional anemia: Inadequate intake of foods containing proteins, folic acid and iron.
A nurse is reviewing the arterial blood gas (ABG) results of a client. The client’s ABGs are:
pH: 7.6
PaCO2: 40 mm Hg
HCO3: 32 mEq/L.
Which of the following acid base conditions should the nurse identify the client is experiencing?
Metabolic alkalosis
Answer Rationale:
The nurse should identify that the client is experiencing metabolic alkalosis. The client’s pH is above 7.45, the PaCO2 is within the expected reference range and the HCO3 is above 26 mEq/L.
Name 4 functions of the structures of the upper respiratory system
1. Air passes through the nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx and trachea and then into the lungs.
2.Nasal cavity is lined with mucous membrane that warms and moistens the air as it passes through
3. Mucous membrane secretes mucus, which traps dust particles and bacteria
4. The cilia propel the mucus toward the larynx, so that the person can swallow or expectorate it.