Renal
Identify the main causes of glomerulonephritis
IgA nepropathy, Post-infection (especially streptococcal infection), Vasculitis, Anti-GBM syndrome, SLE
Outline the 4 types of hypersensitivity reactions, and provide an example of each
T1 = Immediate IgE mediated (e.g. anaphylaxis, atopy - eczema, allergic rhinitis, asthma)
T2 = Antibody mediated cytotoxicity (IgG/IgM) (e.g. ARF, anti-GBM syndrome, T1DM).
T3 = Immune complex mediated (IgG/IgM) (e.g. SLE, RA)
T4 = T cell mediated (e.g. TB, contact hypersensitivity - Nickel).
Outline the visual pathway
Retina (rods & cones) -> Optic Nerve -> Optic Chiasm -> Optic Tract -> Lateral Geniculate Nucleus -> Optic radiation ->Occipital lobe
Anosmia
Constipation
Sleep disturbance
What are the lateral chest and limb leads on an ECG?
Chest - V5, V6
Identify the main features of Nephrotic vs Nephritic Syndrome
Nephrotic = Proteinuria, Frothy Urine, Oedema (periorbital), Hyperlipidemia, Hypoalbuminaemia
Nephritic = Hematuria (RBC casts), Hypertension, Oliguria, some proteinura
What is the difference between gout and pseudogout?
Gout = buildup of uric acid
Pseudogout = buildup of calcium pyrophosphate and calcium phosphate (hydroxyapatite)
Identify the layers of the adrenal cortex, and the hormone each layer produces
Zona Glomerulosa - Aldosterone
Zona Fasciculata - Cortisol
Zona Reticularis - Androgens
What are the 3 types of Multiple Sclerosis?
Relapsing Remitting
Primary Progressive
Secondary Progressive
Provide 2 examples of narrow QRS tachycardias and wide QRS tachycardias
Narrow QRS - Atrial flutter, Afib, Sinus tachy, AV-Nodal Re-entry tachycardia (AVNRT), AV Re-entry Tachycardia (AVRT)
Wide QRS - Ventricular Tachycardia, Wolff-Parkinson White SVT
What is the life threatening side effect that can occur from Metformin?
Lactic acidosis
Which HLA group is strongly associated with spondyloarthropathies?
HLA-B27
Identify the antibodies used to diagnose Grave's Disease and Hashimoto's
Graves - TRAb
Hashimoto's - TgAb, TPOAb
Identify the most common Gram Positive and Gram Negative organisms causing bacterial Meningitis?
GRAM POS: Strep pneumoniae
GRAM NEG: Neisseria meningitidis
Jones Criteria: 2 major OR 1 major + 1 minor
MAJOR = carditis, arthritis, Syndenham's chorea, erythema marginatum, subcutaneous nodules
MINOR = Fever, raised ESR/CRP, arthralgia, Prolonged PR
Identify at least 2 pre-renal, intrarenal and post-renal causes of an Acute Kidney Injury
Pre-Renal: Shock, Hypotension, Renal Artery Stenosis, Renal Artery Dissection, Renal Vein Thrombosis, Hepato-renal Syndrome
Intra-Renal: GN, Vasculitis, Acute Tubular Necrosis, Immune Conditions (SLE), anti-GBM syndrome
Post-Renal: Stones, Strictures, Neoplasms, Clots
Outline the pathophysiology of Paget's disease
high rate of bone remodeling: ↑ RANKL-RANK activity → ↑ NF-κB signaling → ↑ osteoclast activity → ↑ osteoblast activity → formation of disorganized (woven) bone
Which type of thyroiditis classically presents with a tender thyroid?
Subacute granulomatous thyroiditis (de Quervain thyroiditis)
Identify the four Parkinson Plus syndromes
Identify the early, middle and late complications of an AMI
Early - Arrythmias, Cardiogenic Shock
Middle - Ventricular septal rupture, Papillary Muscle rupture
Late - LV aneurysm, Pericarditis (Dressler’s Syndrome)
Name the 5 main types of renal carcinomas
1. Clear Cell Carcinoma
2. Papillary (chromophilic) RCC
3. Chromophobe RCC
4. Oncocytic RCC
5. Collecting duct carcinoma
Outline the 4 main categories under the ACR/EULAR criteria for Rheumatoid Arthritis. What score is required for a RA diagnosis under this criteria?
1. Joint involvement
2. Serology
3. Acute phase reactants
4. Duration of Symptoms
Score of 6+ required for RA diagnosis
Identify the 3-4 conditions that make up each of the following:
MEN I
MEN IIA
MEN IIB
MEN I - Pituitary adenoma, parathyroid hyperplasia, pancreatic tumours
MEN IIA - parathyroid hyperplasia, medullary thyroid carcinoma, pheochromocytoma
MEN IIB - Mucosal neuromas, Marfanoid's body habitus, Medullary thyroid carcinoma, pheochromocytoma
Explain the mechanism of action of Triptans (e.g. Sumatriptan)
Outline the mechanism of action of a Nitrate, used to treat angina
1. cause venous dilation which reduces venous return and preload, and reduces cardiac work and oxygen demand
2. cause artery/arteriolar dilation which reduces peripheral resistance and afterload, and reduces cardiac work and oxygen demand
3. dilate coronary vessels and increase coronary blood flow, particularly to ischaemic areas, which increases myocardial oxygen supply