Phrenology
Who was Franz Joseph Gall?
The creator of phrenology
Who was Oliver Wendell Holmes?
First person to realize diseases could be transmitted
What were Graham’s followers called?
Grahamites
Who is Morton and what did he do?
He was a dentist who used sulphuric ether to help his patients endure teeth extraction
What did people believe phrenology could determine?
Personality/character traits
What did people do to spread the word about infection?
Word of mouth, advertisements, spreading new statistics
What did Sylvester Graham believe in?
He believed in eating natural, pure foods (the idea that excess was a sin so foods should be plain and natural).
What crazy hydrotherapy methods were used in the 1800s? Name two.
Wrapping body in wet sheets
Fully submerging in extremely cold or hot baths
What new discoveries did phrenology lead to?
That different brain regions have different purposes
⅙ of what was there in the 1930s compared to the 1870s?
Incidence level of tuberculosis
Why did Graham believe in eating cold foods?
He believed that heating up foods would heat up the body and affect the function of it (as well as created “desire” which was a sin).
Purpose of anesthesia? Give 2 examples of what it can be used for (examples we talked about)
Help numb pain and allow operation to go smoothly
Can be used for surgeries, c-sections, teeth-extractions,
What was phrenology used to justify?
Discrimination and Slavery
How did it transform the economy?
Inspired new urban cleaning and not just physical change but a whole political and economical cleansing
Name one reason Graham created his early version of the Graham cracker
- To promote chastity
- To cleanse the body by putting "healthy, homemade" food into it
How did City Health Boards impact society in the 1800s?
Better hygenic practices, preventive measures of disease local/statewide, which overall lead to a less ill infected environment
What was Samuel George Morton’s main claim in Crania Americana?
Caucasions are superior to other races because they have the “right” skull shape
What was the idea discovered that was even more important than sanitation?
Identifying people who were infected
What social feeling greatly influenced Graham’s ideals and how?
The second great awakening→ the idea that morality and good character comes from the extermination of excess
How is hydrotherapy important to today? List 3 examples
Cryotherapy used for athletes
Warm/hot showers relax muscles and clear blocked sinuses
Compresses help soothe injury and help regulate head temperature during cold/fever