Anatomy
What is the name of the fibrocartilaginous structure located between the vertebral bodies, and what is its primary function?
The intervertebral disc; it provides cushioning and allows slight movement between vertebrae.
What condition involves soft bones due to defective mineralization in adults?
Osteomalacia.
What type of bone tissue is abnormally increased in Paget’s disease of bone?
Woven bone.
Which enzyme is responsible for the rate-limiting step in glycolysis?
Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1)
Which microorganism is the causative agent of tuberculosis?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
What muscle forms the floor of the mouth and plays a role in elevating the hyoid bone during swallowing?
The mylohyoid muscle
What is the diagnosis for sudden onset of ocular or facial weakness, often associated with recent infection?
Bell's Palsy
What histological finding is characteristic of Duchenne muscular dystrophy?
Muscle fiber degeneration with fat and connective tissue replacement.
What is the primary function of the pentose phosphate pathway?
To produce NADPH and ribose-5-phosphate for nucleotide synthesis.
What is the term for the bacterial ability to take up naked DNA from the environment?
Transformation
Which part of the stomach is responsible for secreting the hormone gastrin?
The antrum (or pyloric region).
What is the most likely diagnosis in a patient with painless jaundice and weight loss?
Pancreatic cancer.
What structure in skeletal muscle allows for the rapid spread of action potentials along the muscle fiber?
T-tubules (transverse tubules).
What is the enzyme deficiency in Phenylketonuria (PKU), and what toxic compound accumulates?
Phenylalanine hydroxylase; phenylalanine accumulates.
What are the two forms of Chlamydia trachomatis during its life cycle, and which is infectious?
Elementary body (infectious) and reticulate body (replicative).
Which artery is the primary blood supply to the medial and lateral walls of the nasal cavity?
The sphenopalatine artery.
What is the condition caused by arterial embolism in the lower extremity presenting with the "6 P's"?
Acute limb ischemia.
What is the name of the mature bone cell found in lacunae within compact bone?
Osteocyte.
Which enzyme catalyzes the conversion of citrate to isocitrate in the TCA cycle?
Aconitase
Name the bacterial genus that lacks a cell wall and is resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics.
Mycoplasma.
What is the fetal remnant of the umbilical arteries in adults, and where is it located?
The medial umbilical ligaments; located on the anterior abdominal wall.
What fetal structure bypasses the lungs, and what is the adult remnant?
Foramen ovale; it becomes the fossa ovalis.
What is the fetal origin of the thymus, and how does its function change in adults?
Derived from the third pharyngeal pouch; it involutes and becomes mostly fatty tissue in adults.
Which enzyme is defective in Maple Syrup Urine Disease, and what metabolic pathway is disrupted?
Branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase; the catabolism of branched-chain amino acids (valine, leucine, and isoleucine) is disrupted.
What type of microorganism causes malaria?
Plasmodium (a protozoan).