Cardiology
Which side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it toward the lungs?
What is the right side of the heart?
Which hormone, secreted by the pineal gland, helps regulate the sleep–wake cycle?
What is melatonin?
Which chemical mediator, released during mast cell degranulation, contributes to itching, redness, and increased vascular permeability?
What is histamine?
What term describes an increase in the number of cells within a tissue or organ?
What is hyperplasia?
Which neurotransmitter is involved in mood regulation and is targeted by selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)?
What is serotonin?
What medical term describes chest discomfort caused by insufficient oxygen delivery to the heart muscle, usually due to reduced blood flow?
What is angina pectoris?
What clusters of endocrine cells in the pancreas produce insulin and glucagon?
What are the islets of Langerhans?
What organ, located behind the sternum, is responsible for T-cell maturation?
What is the thymus?
What term describes the formation of new blood vessels that can supply oxygen and nutrients to a growing tumor?
What is angiogenesis?
Which brain structure plays a major role in fear processing and threat detection?
What is the amygdala?
What enzyme, released by the kidneys, converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin I?
What is renin?
Which two hormones are stored and released by the posterior pituitary gland?
What are oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
Which antibody class is the most abundant in serum and can cross the placenta to provide passive immunity to the fetus?
What is IgG?
What is the most common primary malignant bone-forming tumor in adolescents?
What is osteosarcoma?
What neurological disorder is characterized by bradykinesia, often accompanied by resting tremor and rigidity, and is associated with loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra?
What is Parkinson disease?
What specialized cardiac conduction fibers transmit electrical impulses throughout the ventricular myocardium?
What are Purkinje fibers?
What condition causes enlargement of the hands, feet, and facial features due to excess growth hormone in adulthood?
What is acromegaly?
What process involves coating a pathogen with antibodies or complement proteins to make it easier for phagocytes to engulf?
What is opsonization?
What is a normal gene called when it has the potential to become cancer-promoting through mutation or abnormal activation?
What is a proto-oncogene?
A patient speaks fluently, but their speech lacks meaning, and they have difficulty understanding spoken language. What type of aphasia is this?
What is Wernicke aphasia?
What type of receptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch detect changes in arterial pressure by sensing vessel-wall stretch?
What are baroreceptors?
What pituitary disorder causes excessive ACTH secretion, resulting in elevated cortisol levels and features such as central weight gain and a rounded face?
What is Cushing disease?
What type of necrosis is classically associated with tuberculosis and produces a cheese-like appearance within granulomas?
What is caseous necrosis?
What benign odontogenic lesion contains multiple small, tooth-like structures known as denticles?
What is a compound odontoma?
A behavior becomes more frequent because performing it removes an unpleasant stimulus. What principle of operant conditioning explains this?
What is negative reinforcement?