Occult Hypoxemia
This condition occurs when a pulse oximeter shows a normal oxygen level despite a person being hypoxemic.
What is occult hypoxemia?
This type of thermometer uses infrared heat to read temperatures on the forehead.
What is a temporal thermometer?
This group disproportionately underparticipated in telehealth visits.
Who are Black patients?
Historical exclusion and structural barriers have led to the underrepresentation of these groups in research.
Who are racial and ethnic minorities?
AI tools trained on biased data often fail to predict accurate outcomes for these populations.
Who are Black and Brown communities?
This racial group experiences occult hypoxemia most often, despite overall measurement error in all groups.
Who are Black individuals?
These factors can interfere with temporal thermometer accuracy.
What are sweat, room temperature, and skin tone?
This social determinant limits access to digital devices and broadband, impacting telehealth use.
What is socioeconomic status?
Lack of this in clinical trials can lead to biased data and dangerous generalizations.
What is diversity?
This can be encoded in machine learning algorithms when they reflect societal stereotypes.
What is algorithmic bias?
Pulse oximeters rely on this kind of light to measure oxygen levels, which may be affected by melanin.
What is red and infrared light?
Temporal thermometers are especially inaccurate for this age group due to reduced blood flow.
Who are elderly individuals?
This group may have less access to digital health tools due to income, language, and education barriers.
Who are low-income, non-English speaking, or less-educated populations?
This issue discourages researchers from pursuing studies on minority health concerns.
What is perceived difficulty or lower funding potential?
Facial recognition AI often misidentifies people with this skin tone more frequently.
What is darker skin tone?
The oxygen level considered hypoxemic, even if the pulse oximeter reads higher.
What is less than 92% oxygen saturation?
Compared to oral and rectal options, this is why temporal thermometers may miss fevers.
What is lower accuracy in detecting elevated core body temperature?
Lack of this in provider-patient communication during virtual visits worsens outcomes for BIPOC communities.
What is cultural and linguistic concordance?
The mistrust of research institutions by these communities stems from unethical medical practices in history.
What is historical mistrust?
This term describes AI systems that perpetuate discrimination without being explicitly programmed to do so.
What is systemic bias in AI?
This 2022 study highlighted racial disparities in pulse oximeter accuracy.
What is Chesley et al., 2022?
These two physical and environmental factors reduce the accuracy of non-invasive thermometers.
What are sweat and ambient temperature?
The digital divide in healthcare disproportionately affects this intersectional population.
Who are low-income racial minority communities?
These two institutional obstacles block many underrepresented researchers from receiving funding.
What are limited mentorship and grant access?
Without this, AI models in medicine are more likely to replicate systemic inequalities.
What is diverse representation in training data?