Rise of Feudalism
What was the political and social system based on land ownership and personal loyalty during the Middle Ages?
Feudalism
Which city were both Christians and Muslims fighting to control during the Crusades?
Jerusalem
How was the bacteria that caused the Black Death primarily spread from person to person?
Fleas that lived on rats
Which peasant girl led French forces against the English in the Hundred Years' War after hearing visions from saints?
Joan of Arc
What was the economic system called where peasants worked the land on a noble’s estate in exchange for housing and protection?
Manorialism (Manor System)
What was the land granted to a vassal by a lord in exchange for military service and loyalty called?
Fief
From the European Christian perspective, what primary reward did Pope Urban II promise to those who joined the First Crusade?
Forgiveness of sins and entry into Heaven
Roughly what fraction or percentage of Europe's population was killed by the Black Death during the mid-1300s?
About 1/3 to 2/3
Who was crowned Emperor of the Romans by Pope Leo III on Christmas Day in 800 AD for unifying much of Western Europe?
Charlemagne "Charles the Great"
What was the main difference between a free peasant and a serf in medieval society?
A serf was legally bound to the land and could not leave without the lord's permission, while a free peasant could move around.
Why did feudalism develop in Western Europe after the fall of Charlemagne’s empire?
Central governments collapsed, leaving local people needing protection from invading groups like the Vikings.
From the Muslim perspective, how were the European Crusaders generally viewed, and which famous Muslim ruler recaptured Jerusalem in 1187?
They were viewed as foreign invaders; Saladin recaptured Jerusalem.
How did the Black Death lead to the decline of feudalism in Europe?
So many peasants died that surviving workers could demand higher wages and more freedom.
Why was English nobles' forcing King John to sign the Magna Carta in 1215 a major turning point in history?
It established that even the king was not above the law and limited royal power.
How did daily life and responsibilities differ between a noble woman and a peasant woman?
Noble women managed large household estates and servants, while peasant women performed heavy farm labor and home chores alongside their families.