National Monarchies
This 'deformed and unpleasant' French king was nonetheless highly effective at consolidating royal power.
Louis XI
This Renaissance concept celebrated the idea that a man could be well-rounded and excel in many areas.
What is virtù?
This is the year Martin Luther posted his 95 Theses on the church door at Wittenberg.
What is 1517?
This French institution served as the representative government based in Paris, similar to a parliament.
What is the Parlement?
This Lancaster king was considered ineffective and was at times mentally incapacitated.
Who is Henry VI?
This Portuguese king drove out the Spanish and Arab powers to establish an independent kingdom.
Who is King John (João) I?
This Renaissance movement focused on human potential, classical texts, and secular concerns rather than religious ones.
What is Humanism?
This Czech priest was burned at the stake after demanding communion under both bread and wine for laypeople.
Who is Jan Huss?
This body was responsible for collecting taxes in France.
What is the Chambre des comptes?
This York king killed his predecessor at the Battle of Tewkesbury.
Who is Edward IV?
This Spanish monarch from Castile united two kingdoms through marriage in the late 15th century.
Who is Isabella?
This painting technique using light and shadow to create depth is associated with Renaissance art.
What is chiaroscuro?
This French Protestant theologian authored the doctrine of Predestination.
Who is John Calvin?
This was the French term for provincial assemblies.
What are the Estates (or Baillis)?
This king lost political support after murdering enemies, including members of his own family.
Who is Richard III?
This Habsburg ruler became king of the Holy Roman Empire at only 19 years old.
Who is Charles V?
He wrote The Decameron, a collection of stories meant for entertainment rather than religious instruction.
Who is Boccaccio?
This document is a summary of Lutheran beliefs, presented to Emperor Charles V.
What is the Augsburg Confession?
This was the French tax levied on property.
What is the taille?
This king killed Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field, ending the War of the Roses.
Who is Henry VII?
This Spanish monarch co-sponsored Columbus's 1492 voyage, launching Spain toward great wealth.
Who is Ferdinand?
He revolutionized communication in Europe by inventing the movable type printing press.
Who is Johann Gutenberg?
This English king declared himself head of the Church in England, breaking with Rome.
Who is Henry VIII?
This widely despised French tax was levied specifically on salt.
What is the gabelle?
This dynasty, represented by a red rose, fought the Yorks in the War of the Roses.
What are the Lancasters?