Respiratory
What is a quick nursing intervention for a patient with an air embolism?
What are the s/s of hypoxemia?
What are different kinds of aphasia and describe s/s of each?
What is the advantage for a LMWH medication vs coumadin or heparin?
It requires less labs and patients are more likely to be compliant. Produces a more predictable anticoagulant response which requires less monitoring. less likely to cause heparin induced thrombocytopenia, lower risk for osteoporosis, used more on OB b/c it has less complications w/ bleeding.
It is used to prevent blood clots, embolisms, and MIs.
When you see a person collapse… when do you start CPR and when do you assess and call 911?
What are the s/s of respiratory dysfunction?
1st sign is usually tachypnea
What are some foods that need to be avoided with elevated K+ levels?
Nuts, beans and legumes, potatoes, bananas, most dairy products, avocados, salty foods, fast foods, processed meats, such as luncheon meats and hot dogs, bran and whole grains, spinach, cantaloupe and honeydew, tomatoes, vegetable juices, lentils, brussel sprouts, split peas, pumpkin, meats
What is that difference between hemorrhagic and ischemic strokes and where do they occur in the brain?
TIA:caused by a focal brain, spinal cord, or retinal ischemia, without acute infarction. TIA are important warning signs for the individual who could potentially experience a full stroke in the future S/S include dizziness, momentary confusion , loss of speech, loss of balance, tinnitus, visual disturbances , ptosis, dysarthria, dysphagia, drooping mouth, weakness, tingling or numbness on one side of the body.
Hemorrhagic Stroke:happens when blood vessels in the brain rupture and bleeding into the brain occurs → increased ICP. Locations: subdural, ventricular, subarachnoid (occurs between the arachnoid and pia layers). Intracerebral: within the cerebrum. trauma, uncontrolled HTN, & aneurysms. S/s include Sudden onset, experience a severe headache that pt. describes as worst headache of my life, stiff neck, loss of consciousness, vomiting, seizures.
Ischemic Stroke: caused by an obstruction of a blood vessel by atherosclerotic plaque, blood clot, a combination of two, or other debris released into the vessel that impedes blood flow to an area of the brain.
embolic stroke: blood clot or plaque travels through a BV until lodged in a cerebral artery. Thrombotic stroke: obstruction in BV in the brain (may have hx of TIA). Lacunar stroke: result from an occlusion of a small penetrating artery deep within the brain. “empty space”
What should be included in the discharge instructions for PT after a MI?
Educate about meds, exercise, diet, smoking cessation, and resources.
What are the s/s of bleeding post-surgery: essentially hypovolemic shock?
Teaching considerations for a SCI patient’s family on how to assist with making the patient cough?
Teach the family that patients can use breathing exercises, assisted coughing, & vibration & percussion w/ postural drainage. Encourage adequate hydration and routine repositioning.
What causes wheezing during an asthma attack?
The narrowing of the airways.
Describe C5 SCI in relations to sexual dysfunction?
Spinal levels at S2-S4 control sexual function
What is the importance of completing a cap refill assessment?
Capillaries allow efficient delivery of O2 to the tissues. Decreased capillary refill could mean this is not happening. (decreased tissue perfusion) which can signify circulatory issues.
What is the difference and what can transport between diffusion and osmosis?
When to administer O2 and how much would you apply to someone who is experience dyspnea and cyanosis?
Monitor for S/S of resp failure: tachypnea, shallow resp, diaphoresis, reddening skin, tachycardia, cardiac dysrhythmias, initial HTN, later hypotension, restlessness, drowsiness, LOC.
When a patient is in metabolic acidosis what is compensatory mechanism?
How to prevent post stroke complications?
Prevention: antiplatelets and low dose aspirin.
Other options:
Why is nitro used with chest pain… what type of disorder is occurring?
It is used because it vasodilates system.
What is the Normal urine output (not looking for 30ml/hr) what is the equation?
What is the difference between blebs and bullae?
Bleb is a small collection of air between the lung and the outer surface of the lung (visceral pleura). Usually found in the upper lobe of the lung.
Bullae- a permanent, air-filled space within the lung parenchyma that is at least 1 cm in size and has a thin or poorly defined wall; it is bordered only by remnants of alveolar septae and/or pleura
**Blebs are blister-like air pockets that form on the surface of the lung. Bullae is the term used for air-filled cavities within the lung tissue.
What is the lab test used to identify heart muscle damage… 1st noted after injury?
What are some differences between acute treatment and rehab treatment after a stroke?
Acute phase:begins with the onset of the s/s and continues until the pt. v/s and neurological condition stabilized. Usually last 24-48 hrs. management of chronic conditions must continue during the acute phase of stroke.
Rehab: The stabilization of v/s with no further neurological deficits indicates that the patient has entered the rehab phase of stroke.
What affects stroke volume?
Stroke volume: volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per beat
What age related changes with the heart and why are older people adapt slowly to peripheral changes?
Heart muscle density increases & elasticity decreases