GI Lower
What is a mechanical or functional blockage of the intestines called?
Intestinal obstruction
What imaging technique is used to diagnose esophageal diverticula or hernias?
Barium Swallow
What is the medical term for stones formed in the urinary tract?
Calculi
What hormone, produced by the adrenal glands, regulates salt and water balance?
Aldosterone
What blood test measures average blood glucose levels over the past 2-3 months?
Hemoglobin A1C
What condition involves the inability to digest or absorb lactose in dairy products?
Lactose intolerance
What is the most common symptom of esophageal cancer?
Progressive Dysphagia
Which organ is primarily responsible for filtering waste from the blood?
Kidney
What autoimmune disorder is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism?
Graves’ Disease
Type 1 diabetes is caused by the autoimmune destruction of which pancreatic cells?
Beta cells
What chronic disorder involves recurrent abdominal pain and changes in bowel habits without an identifiable cause?
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
Name one major risk factor for developing esophageal cancer.
Smoking or Excessive Alcohol Use
What hereditary condition causes clusters of cysts to grow in the kidneys?
Polycystic Kidney Disease
What test is commonly used to confirm Cushing’s Syndrome by measuring cortisol levels?
24-hour Urine Cortisol Test
Which condition, often associated with type 2 diabetes, is characterized by extreme hyperglycemia without ketosis?
Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Syndrome (HHS)
What is the term for inflammation of pouches that form in the colon wall?
Diverticulitis
What is the most common cause of esophageal strictures?
GERD
What autoimmune disease causes antibodies to attack the kidneys and lungs?
Goodpasture’s Syndrome
What condition involves low calcium levels due to insufficient parathyroid hormone secretion?
Hypoparathyroidism
What is the preferred site for insulin injection due to faster absorption?
Abdomen
What immune-mediated condition is triggered by gluten and damages the small intestine lining?
Celiac Disease
What diagnostic tool combines endoscopy with ultrasound to stage esophageal cancer?
Endoscopic Ultrasonography
What is the term for a surgical procedure creating a new route for urine flow through a stoma?
Urinary Diversion
What is the term for a potentially fatal complication after thyroid surgery, involving airway obstruction?
Thyroid Storm
What is the term for an insulin regimen mimicking natural pancreatic insulin secretion with basal and bolus doses?
Basal-Bolus Regimen