Genetic Variation
It is a change in the DNA sequence
What is a mutation
This type of gene transfer transfers the entire genome from one generation to the next, within the same species
What is vertical gene transfer
Meiosis leads to the production of cells with this number of choromosomal copies per cell
What is haploid (one copy of each chromosome per haploid cell).
This process occurs in Prophase I of Meiosis I and is essential for the formation of haploid cells
What is the pairing of homologs (homologous chromosomes; synapsis; tetrad formation)
This is the type of cell division that results in two identical daughter cells.
Mitosis
Different forms or versions of a gene
What is an allele
This type of gene transfer would include the fusion of a haploid sperm and haploid egg to form a new diploid zygote
Vertical Gene Transfer
This is increased in eukaryotic populations due to meiosis and sexual reproduction
What is genetic variation
This exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes may occur during Prophase I of Meiosis I
What is crossing over
Which cells undergo mitosis?
Somatic (body) cells
The type of cells produced by meiosis.
gametes (sperm and egg cells)
This gene transfer would only include part of a genome, may be from the same generation, and may occur between different species
What is horizontal gene transfer
This is formed by the fusion of a sperm with an egg
What is a (diploid) zygote
The random orientation of homologous chromosomes (homologs) during Metaphase I of Meiosis I leads to this.
What is chromosome shuffling (or independent assortment)
The stage following meiosis (and mitosis) is where the division of the cytoplasm occurs.
Cytokinesis
A cell that has one copy of every chromosome in the genome
What is a haploid cell
Different mechanisms include transformation (picking up DNA from the environment), transduction (defective viruses delivering DNA from their former host cells), or conjugation (a donor cell injects DNA into a recipient cell).
What is horizontal gene transfer
The result of the random fusion of gametes from two parents.
Fertilization
How many chromosomes do human gametes have?
23 chromosomes
Meiosis reduces the chromosome number by half, while mitosis results in this type of cell.
Diploid cell
These are 3 processes that can introduce or recombine pre-existing genetic variation into populations
What are mutations, horizontal gene transfer, and meiosis/sexual reproduction
This type of gene transfer is the most common in nature
What is vertical gene transfer
The random orientation/movement of either homolgous chromosome during metaphase I of meiosis I
What is chromosome shuffling (independent assortment)
This event in meiosis could lead to a gamete with an improper chromosome number
What is nondisjunction
This part of meiosis is very similar to mitosis
What is meiosis II