A cell with TWO of each chromosome (2n) is this and ONE of each chromosome (n) is this
What is diploid and haploid
100
This is what DNA stands for
What is deoxyribonucleic acid
100
These are the four nucleotides that make up the DNA of all living organisms (hint:g, a and t, c)
What are Guanine, Adenine, and Thymine, Cytosine
100
Replication begins when an enzyme breaks this between the bases that hold the two strands of a DNA molecule together, unzipping the molecule
What are the hydrogen bases
100
The sequence of nucleotides in DNA contains information that is used to create this type of folded molecule
What are proteins
200
The two chromosomes of each pair in a diploid cell are called this, and each have genes for the same trait
What is homologous chromosomes
200
This is a sub-unit of nucleic acid formed from a simple sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
What is a nucleotide
200
This is why DNA is capable of holding so much genetic information
What is that it is a VERY long molecule
200
In step 2, these pair up with the exposed bases on the DNA strand
What is free nucleotides from the surrounding cytoplasm
200
These are the three types of RNA and what each of them make
What are 1. messenger RNA, 2. ribosomal RNA, and 3. transfer RNA; which all make specific types of protein
300
This is the kind of cell division that occurs in sex cells (gametes) of the parent and produces cells with half the number of chromosomes as a parent's body cells
What is meiosis
300
This is a carbon ring structure that contains one or more atoms of nitrogen
What is a nitrogenous base
300
These are the three major components of a nucleotide
What is phosphate group, sugar, nitrogenous base
300
In step 3, the sugar and the phosphate parts of the free nucleotides bond together with covalent bonds to form this of the new strand
What is the backbone
300
RNA, like DNA, is a nucleic acid, however RNA is different in these three ways
What is that it is 1. single-stranded, 2. the sugar in RNA is ribose, and 3. RNA has all the same nitrogenous bases, except it has uracil (U) instead of thymine
400
During DNA coiling, homologous chromosomes line up and form a tetrad (two homologous chromosomes, made up of two sister chromatids), and pair so tightly that non-sister chromatids from homologous chromosomes can actually break and exchange genetic material in this process
What is crossing over
400
Who were the three scientists whose work clarified the structure of DNA
Who are Franklin, Watson and Crick
400
Before a cell can divide, either by meiosis or mitosis, it must first do this
What is replicate its DNA
400
DNA is copied in this phase of the cell cycle
What is interphase, before mitosis and meiosis
400
This type of RNA brings instructions from DNA in the nucleus to a ribosome in the cytoplasm and binds to the rRNA in the ribosome
What is messenger RNA (or mRNA)
500
The reassortment of chromosomes, via crossing over or independent segregation is called this
What is genetic recombination
500
Because DNA consists of two strands, twisted together, the shape is called this
What is a double helix
500
In a strand of DNA, adenine always pairs with thymine, and guanine always pairs with cytosine. If you know the order on one half the strand of DNA, you can always predict this
What is on the other side of the strand of DNA
500
The process of DNA replication creates two molecules of DNA. Each new molecule has one strand from the original molecule and one strand that has been newly created from this.
What are free nucleotides in the cell.
500
This type of RNA is like the supplier, it delivers amino acids to the ribosome to be assembled into a protein