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Biologically, what is the definition of cancer?
Cell/cluster of cells that lose the ability to control mitosis impending bodily functions
What does it mean that cancer metastasis?
Migration of cancer cells from place of origin to other places
Define benign tumor
Cluster of cells which have undergone a oncogene activation, but are not yet cancerous
Define malignant tumor
Cluster of cells which have undergone multiple oncogene activations and are cancerous
Define an oncogene.
A cancer - causing gene
Define a proto - oncogene
Normal genes that have the potential to become an oncogene IF MUTATED
a. Normally involved in cell division b. Dozens are known
What are some main current cancer treatments?
Radiation, chemotherapy, and surgery
How many cell divisions occur in meiosis?
2, Meiosis I and Meiosis II
What is cytokinesis?
Process of dividing the cytoplasm following mitosis or meiosis.
What does the S in interphase stand for and what occurs during it?
S stands for synthesis and DNA replication occurs during this phase.
What makes a cell lose control of mitosis?
Damage or change in genes responsible for mitosis.
Will one mitosis gene mutation likely cause cancer?
Probably not, it takes the mutations of many mitosis genes to lead to cancer
How were cancers previously categorized compared to now?
Categorized by the tissue in which they developed and now categorized by the mutations that cause them
a. Better because it allows for more directed treatment
How does cytokinesis occur in eukaryotes?
Microtubules from a cleavage furrow which cleaves cytoplasm apart to form 2 different cells.
Are cells produced via meiosis genetically identical?
No, each produced cell is genetically unique
How does a cell prevent cancerous cells?
Tumor Suppressor genes → inhibit excessive cell division
Why are the elderly more likely to develop cancer?
The probability of mitosis gene mutations accumulating continuously increases
Why do sister chromatids stay attached until anaphase?
Less errors
Name the two ways meiosis promotes genetic diversity:
Crossing over, independent assortment
What is the most majour distinction between Meiosis I and Meiosis II?
Prophase one pulls homologous chromosomes apart which have bond to form tetrads
Define and provide three examples of a carcinogen?
Carcinogen = agents of cancerous transformation
Smoking, HPV, UV light
How does HPV relate to cancer?
Causes change in p53 protein increasing probability of cancer developing
What does meiosis I do?
Separate homologous pairs, thus separates different versions of the genes
What does Meiosis II do?
Pulls apart sister chromatids, is more like mitosis
How many cells does meiosis produce and what is their ploidy?
4 and (n)