Variations
In a C major chord, the melody leaps up from C to A, then steps down to G
Occurs on the beat
Appoggiatura
A group of usually 4 phrases that come together to create a certain kind of period. 2 phrases are grouped together to create the antecedent - consequent relationship.
Double Period
In a G major chord, G steps up to A, leaps down to F, comes back to G
Neighboring group (changing tone)
2 different melodical ideas in the antecedent - consequent relationship.
Contrasting Period
In Was Gott tut, the NCTs labeled 1 and 2 are examples of these (2 answers)
1: Lower neighbor
2: Passing tone
Same/similar melodic phrase or rhythm but start on different pitches
Parallel Period
This song features this variation
Mode Mixture (Radiohead!)
https://musictheory.pugetsound.edu/mt21c/ModeMixtureSection.html
In Was Gott tut, the NCT labeled 3 is an example of this
Incomplete neighbor
In measures 3-4 of O Haupt voll Blut und Wunden, this NCT is present
9-8 suspension