A
Methodical, step-by-step problem-solving procedure that guarantees a correct solution if followed precisely
Algorithms
Mnemonic device used to enhance memory by associating information with specific locations in a familiar mental space
Method of loci
Judges the likelihood of an event by how easily examples come to mind or judges it based on how closely something matches a mental prototype or stereotype.
Heuristics (Availability vs Representativeness)
Cognitive bias where an individual cannot see an object's use beyond its typical function
Functional fixedness
Unconscious activation of certain concepts, making related information more accessible
Priming
Recall of information improves when the external environment during retrieval is the same as the environment where the information was first learned
Context-dependent memory
Cognitive bias that a person's belief that previous random events affect the probability of future events
Gambler’s fallacy
Memory aids that use techniques like acronyms, rhymes, and visualization to help you remember complex information
Mnemonic device
Cognitive skills that allow individuals to plan, focus attention, remember, and manage their behavior to achieve goals
Executive functions
Conscious, intentional recollection of facts and personal experiences
Explicit memory :
episodic (personal events) and semantic (facts)
Inability to recall the origin of information
Source Amnesia
Long-term memory that operates unconsciously
Implicit memory : procedural
(procedures and process)
Tendency to remember items at the beginning and end of a list better than those in the middle
Serial position effect : primacy vs recency effect
Biological process where repeated stimulation strengthens the connections between neurons, making it easier for them to communicate and forming the basis for learning and memory.
Long-term potentiation
Memory is a byproduct of how deeply information is processed
Level of processing :
- structural
- phonemic
- semantic
Learning and long-term retention are more effective when study sessions are spaced out
Spacing effect (mass vs distributed practice)
Model which describes the mind as having four main components: the central executive, the phonological loop, the visuospatial sketchpad
Baddeley and Hitch’s model of working memory
Cognitive bias where individuals continue an endeavor due to previously invested resources like time, money, or effort, even if it is no longer the best decision
Sunk-cost fallacy
Describes memory as a process with three sequential stores
Multi-store model
(sensory memory, ST memory, LT memory)
Repetition of information to keep it active in short-term memory vs connecting new information to existing knowledge for long-term memory storage
Maintenance rehearsing vs elaborative rehearsal
Memory is not a perfect recording of an event but is instead a reconstructive process influenced by new information, beliefs, and expectations
Construction memory
Inability to form new memories after the onset of a disorder vs inability to recall past memories from before the onset of the disorder
Amnesia (Retrograde vs anterograde)
A graph that shows memory retention declines over time
Ebbinghaus forgetting curve
When old information hinders the recall of new information vs when new information disrupts the recall of old information
Proactive vs retroactive interference
Ability to remember to perform a planned action or intention at a future time (remember to remember)
Prospective memory