Memory Basics
the active system that receives, organizes, stores, and retrieves information
Memory
What encoding strategy involves grouping information into meaningful units?
Chunking
What type of long-term memory involves skills and automatic behaviors like riding a bike?
procedural memory
What type of retrieval involves bringing information to mind without cues?
recall
What phenomenon describes the inability to recall personal memories from early childhood?
infantile amnesia
What is the first stage of memory in which information is transformed into a form the brain can store?
Encoding
What type of encoding occurs without conscious effort, such as encoding time or well-learned skills?
automatic processing
Which type of memory involves conscious recall of facts and experiences?
explicit memory
What type of retrieval involves identifying correct information from options provided?
What memory experience involves feeling certain you know a word but being temporarily unable to recall it?
tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
What type of sensory memory briefly stores visual images for a fraction of a second?
Iconic memory
According to the levels of processing model, which type of encoding leads to the best long-term retention?
deep (semantic) encoding
What type of memory combines episodic and semantic memories related to your own life experiences?
autobiographical memory
What memory effect explains why people remember the first and last items on a list best?
serial position effect
What type of interference occurs when old memories make it harder to learn new information?
proactive interference
Which memory model describes memory as sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory?
multi-store model
What effect explains why information related personally to you is remembered better than other information?
self-reference effect
What study strategy involves spacing study sessions over time and improves long-term retention?
distributed practice
What phenomenon explains improved long-term memory when learning includes frequent testing or self-quizzing?
testing effect
What effect occurs when misleading information alters a person’s memory of an event?
misinformation effect
What neural process involves a long-lasting increase in communication between neurons and is believed to underlie learning and memory?
long-term potentiation
What type of shallow encoding focuses on how a word sounds?
phonemic encoding
What type of rehearsal involves connecting new information to existing knowledge?
elaborative rehearsal
What type of memory occurs when recall improves if you are in the same environment as when learning occurred?
context-dependent memory
What memory disorder involves difficulty forming new memories while older memories remain intact?
anterograde amnesia