Memory Models
Who proposed the Working Memory Model and in what year?
Baddeley & Hitch (1974).
Which type of memory does NOT require conscious recall?
Procedural memory
What is the difference between decay theory and interference theory?
Decay theory suggests memories fade over time, while interference theory suggests forgetting happens due to competing memories.
What is post-event discussion in the context of eyewitness testimony?
When witnesses discuss an event, leading to potential memory contamination.
Who conducted research on leading questions affecting eyewitness recall?
Loftus & Palmer (1974).
What type of coding is primarily used in short-term memory according to Baddeley (1966)?
Acoustic coding.
How do semantic memories differ from episodic memories in terms of time-stamping?
Episodic memories are time-stamped (linked to specific events), while semantic memories are not.
What is the difference between proactive and retroactive interference?
Proactive interference is when old information disrupts new learning, while retroactive interference is when new learning disrupts old memories.
What did Gabbert et al. (2003) find about post-event discussion?
71% of participants mistakenly recalled details from their discussion partner's version of the event.
What is the main finding from Bahrick et al.'s (1975) study on the duration of LTM?
Recognition memory for faces/names remains high for decades, while recall declines.
How does the concept of chunking help increase short-term memory capacity?
It groups information into meaningful units, allowing more to be remembered within the 7±2 capacity limit.
What evidence suggests that different types of LTM are stored in different brain areas?
Brain scans show episodic memory in the hippocampus, semantic in the temporal lobe, and procedural in the cerebellum.
How did Godden & Baddeley (1975) investigate context-dependent forgetting?
They tested divers recalling words in the same or different environments (land vs. underwater).
How does weapon focus affect eyewitness memory?
Witnesses focus on a weapon rather than peripheral details, reducing recall accuracy.
What is one methodological limitation of studies on interference?
They often use artificial stimuli like word lists, reducing ecological validity.
What is a key difference between the Multi-Store Model and the Working Memory Model?
The Multi-Store Model treats STM as a single store, while the Working Memory Model divides it into multiple components.
Why might it be difficult to separate episodic and semantic memory completely
Some semantic memories originate from personal experiences, making the distinction unclear.
How can retrieval cues improve memory recall?
They trigger associated memories by recreating the conditions of encoding.
What is the cognitive interview, and how does it differ from a standard police interview?
It uses memory-enhancing techniques like reinstating context and different perspectives, unlike standard police questioning.
What did Keppel & Underwood (1962) find about proactive interference?
Participants remembered early trigrams better, suggesting older information interfered with new learning.
How does dual-task research support the Working Memory Model?
It shows that performing two tasks using the same store (e.g., two visual tasks) is harder than using separate stores (e.g., visual and verbal tasks).
How has research into LTM types contributed to real-life applications?
It has helped develop memory training techniques for individuals with cognitive impairments, such as Alzheimer's patients.
What is the key criticism of retrieval failure theory?
It explains forgetting in laboratory tasks but may not fully apply to everyday memory failures.
What is a key limitation of the cognitive interview?
It is time-consuming and requires significant police training.
Why is case study evidence from brain-damaged patients useful but also limited?
It provides insight into memory structures but lacks generalizability due to individual differences.