Basics
_____ is learning that persists over time.
Memory
Identifying items previously learned.
Recognition
Give an example of information that is automatically processed.
*The place of a picture on a page. *Route to school. *What you had for breakfast/lunch/dinner. *Seeing a cat in the cafeteria during lunch break., etc.
Information is _____ in a single, specific spot.
not stored
Activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory.
Priming
The processing of information into the memory system.
Encoding
Retrieving information that is not currently in your conscious awareness but was learned at an earlier time.
Recall
Give an example of information that requires effort and attention when processing.
*Definitions of words in your textbook. *Your friend's new number. *The name of your classmate you always pass in the hallway., etc.
The hippocampus and frontal lobe are dedicated to _____ formation. The cerebellum and basal ganglia are important parts for _____ formation.
explicit memory ; implicit memory
Best retrieval cues in retrieving memories come from _____ made at the time the memories are encoded.
associations
The process of retaining encoded information over time.
Storage
A fill-in-the-blank question tests your _____ and a multiple choice question tests your _____.
recall ; recognition
Name a strategy you can use for effortful processing and an example how.
Chunking - organize items into familiar, manageable units.
Mnemonics - techniques using vivid imagery and organizational devices.
Hierarchies - organizing items into a few broad categories that are divided and subdivided into narrower concepts and facts.
When you remember exactly, where, who you're with, what you're wearing, and other details when you heard the news of the Las Vegas shooting. [memory]
Flashbulb memory
_____ interference occurs when older memory makes it more difficult to remember new information. _____ interference occurs when new learning disrupts memory for older information.
Proactive ; Retroactive
The process of getting information out of memory storage.
Retrieval
_____ memory is facts and experiences, while _____ memory is skills or classically conditioned associations.
explicit ; implicit
The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system. First stage in forming explicit memory.
Sensory memory
_____ or _____ triggers hormone production and provokes amygdala to engage memory.
Excitement or stress
_____ effect occurs when a memory has been corrupted by misleading information. _____ effect occurs when repeatedly imagining fake actions and events can create false memories.
Misinformation ; Imagination
The processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously.
Parallel processing
According to an informational-processing model, to remember any event, we must: (1)_____, (2)_____, (3)_____.
(1) Get information into our brain - encoding/encode
(2) Retain that information - storage/store
(3) Get the information back out - retrieval/retrieve
When reading, _____ processing encodes the words' letters or the words' sounds, _____ processing encodes the words' meanings and context.
Shallow ; Deep
This process increases a synapse's firing potential, and is believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory. The brain will not erase your memories after this process.
Long-term potentiation (LTP)
Name four things you can do to improve your memory.
*Rehearse repeatedly. *Make the material meaningful. *Activate retrieval cues. *Use mnemonic devices. *Minimize interference. *Sleep more. *Test your own knowledge, both to rehearse it and to find out what you do not yet know.