Memory Stores
This memory store has a capacity of about 7 items and a duration of around 18 seconds without rehearsal.
What is Short-Term Memory (STM)?
This type of forgetting occurs when new incoming information pushes out older information in short-term memory because its capacity has been exceeded.
What is displacement?
Bartlett proposed that memories are not exact copies but are actively rebuilt using these mental frameworks.
What are schemas?
This study used trigrams and counting backwards to test the true duration of short-term memory.
What is Peterson & Peterson (1959)?
This term describes how similar a study's tasks are to real-life situations.
What is mundane realism?
According to Atkinson and Shiffrin, this is the first memory store that receives information from our senses, holding it very briefly.
What is the Sensory Register?
This condition means a person cannot form new long-term memories after a brain injury, though their short-term memory is intact.
What is anterograde amnesia?
When someone changes unfamiliar details in a story to make them more normal or aligned with their own experiences, this process is called...
What is familiarisation?
In Peterson & Peterson's study, participants remembered less than 10% of trigrams after this many seconds.
What is 18 seconds?
This debate describes explaining something by breaking it down into its simplest parts, like the MSM does for memory.
What is reductionism?
This type of encoding involves holding the meaning of information and is largely used in long-term memory.
What is semantic encoding?
Henry Molaison (H.M.) famously suffered from both anterograde amnesia and this type of amnesia, affecting memories from a few years before his surgery.
What is retrograde amnesia?
This specific type of distortion involves leaving out unfamiliar, irrelevant, or unpleasant details when remembering something.
What is omission?
This study involved participants reading and recalling the unfamiliar story "The War of the Ghosts."
What is Bartlett (1932)?
Bartlett's approach to memory, which looked at the whole person and their schemas, is considered to follow this debate's perspective.
What is holism?
In the Multi-store Model, this process is essential for moving information from short-term to long-term memory.
What is rehearsal?
When new information overwrites older information in long-term memory, such as a new phone number replacing an old one, this type of forgetting has occurred.
What is interference?
When remembering, someone might add details to a story to give a reason for something that didn't originally fit their understanding. This is known as...
What is rationalisation?
In Bartlett's study, what were the two methods used to test participants' recall of the story over time?
What are serial reproduction and repeated reproduction?
Give one strength of a reductionist approach to studying memory, such as using laboratory experiments.
What is that it allows for controlled conditions to isolate variables, making findings more scientific and reliable?
Describe the capacity and duration of Long-Term Memory (LTM) according to Atkinson and Shiffrin.
What is potentially limitless capacity and a duration from minutes to a lifetime?
Beyond displacement and interference, name two other reasons why we might forget information from long-term memory.
What are decay and retrieval failure?
Bartlett's theory suggests that memory is not an exact copy but an interpretation or reconstruction of events. What term describes this overall idea?
What is active reconstruction?
What did Murdock's (1962) experiment, which showed the primacy and recency effect, provide evidence for in the Multi-store Model?
What is the existence of separate short-term and long-term memory stores?
What is one criticism of Bartlett's methodology in the "War of the Ghosts" study regarding its scientific rigor?
What is that his procedures were not always scientific, lacking strict controls or standardized timing, and his qualitative analysis could be subjective?