Thinking & Problem-Solving
The “best example” or mental image of a category (like a robin for “bird”) is known as what?
Memories of facts and experiences that we consciously know and can declare are called what?
Explicit (Declarative) Memory
Studying small amounts over several days is known as what, and why is it more effective?
Distributed practice; because it uses the spacing effect
An AP exam is an example of which type of test?
Achievement Test
Using old strategies even when new ones are better
Mental set
Jamie judges plane crashes as more common because she sees them on the news a lot. Which heuristic is she relying on?
Availability Heuristic
According to the Levels of Processing Theory, which type of processing leads to the strongest memory: structural, phonetic, or semantic?
Semantic
Name the memory device in which you imagine placing items along a familiar pathway.
Method of loci
Test performance decreases when someone is worried about confirming a negative group belief. What is this called?
Stereotype threat
You stay in a boring 3-hour movie just because you paid for the ticket. What psychological concept is influencing your decision?
Sunk-cost fallacy
When you can’t see new uses for a paperclip because you only think of it as something to hold papers, you’re experiencing what?
Functional Fixedness
Which type of sensory memory lasts only a few tenths of a second and captures visual information?
Iconic Memory
Remembering the first items on a list best is called what?
Primacy effect
When a test yields similar results when taken again, it demonstrates what type of reliability?
Test-retest reliability
Presenting a product as "91% fat-free" instead of "9% fat utilizes what psychological concept?
Framing
A person believes a coin “must” land on heads after five tails in a row. What psychological concept is this?
Gambler's Fallacy
List the three stages of the multistore model IN ORDER.
Sensory memory → Short-term memory → Long-term memory
What type of amnesia involves difficulty forming new memories but allows old ones to stay intact?
Anterograde amnesia
Explain the difference between general intelligence (g) and multiple intelligences.
g: a single underlying factor that influences all cognitive abilities
Multiple intelligences: intelligence is several independent abilities (linguistic, logical, spatial, etc.)
A person believes a quiet, bookish man is more likely to be a librarian than a truck driver, even though there are far more truck drivers. What heuristic is this?
Representativeness heuristic
Name the two types of thinking associated with creativity and show how they differ.
Divergent thinking: generating many possible solutions
Convergent thinking: narrowing down to a single correct answer
A component of working memory that temporarily stores and manipulates verbal and auditory information.
Phonological Loop.
Explain the difference between context-dependent and state-dependent memory.
Context-dependent: recall is best in the same physical environment
State-dependent: recall is best in the same internal state (mood, physiological state)
What is the Flynn Effect?
The steady increase in average intelligence test scores over generations.
When a person is shown the word "doctor" and is then quicker to recognize the word "nurse" than if they were shown an unrelated word first, like "chair".
Priming