Types of Memory
This type of memory involves conscious recollection of facts and events
Explicit memory
This brief memory system holds sensory information for a fraction of a second
What is sensory memory?
The process of getting information into memory
What is encoding?
Memory aids that help encode information more effectively
What are mnemonic devices?
Ebbinghaus's work showing rapid initial forgetting that slows over time
What is the forgetting curve?
Spearman's theory of one underlying general intelligence factor
What is g (general intelligence)?
Failing to notice visible objects when attention is elsewhere
What is inattentional blindness?
Memory for personal experiences and specific events in time
What is Episodic Memory?
The component of working memory that controls attention and coordinates information
What is the central executive?
Processing that requires attention and conscious effort
What is effortful processing?
Associating items with locations along a familiar route
What is the method of loci (memory palace)?
Loss of memories formed before a brain injury
What is retrograde amnesia?
The test must measure what it claims to measure
What is validity?
Processing that is guided by higher-level mental processes and expectations
What is top-down processing?
This unconscious memory affects behavior without awareness
What is implicit memory?
Visual memory lasting about 0.5 seconds
What is iconic memory?
Breaking information into manageable units
What is chunking?
Repeating information to keep it in short-term memory
What is maintenance rehearsal?
When new learning disrupts recall of old information
What is retroactive interference?
Judging likelihood by how easily examples come to mind
What is the availability heuristic?
Visual cues requiring both eyes to perceive depth
What are binocular cues?
Memory of how to perform tasks and skills
What is procedural memory?
This system handles verbal and acoustic information in working memory
What is the phonological loop?
This level focuses on the meaning of information for better retention
What is deep encoding (or semantic processing)?
Connecting new information to existing knowledge for better encoding
What is elaborative rehearsal?
Incorporating misleading information into memory of an event
What is the misinformation effect?
The risk of confirming negative stereotypes about one's group, which can impair performance
What is stereotype lift?
The 'cocktail party effect' demonstrates this ability to focus on one voice
What is selective attention?
Remembering to perform planned actions in the future
What is prospective memory?
The strengthening of neural connections through repeated stimulation
What is long-term potentiation?
The benefit of spreading learning sessions over time rather than cramming
What is the spacing effect (or distributed practice)?
The tendency to better remember the first items in a list
What is the primacy effect?
Remembering an event but forgetting the source of the information
What is source amnesia?
This type of reliability is assessed by comparing scores from two halves of the same test
What is split-half reliability?
The ability to see objects as unchanging despite changes in lighting or angle
What is perceptual constancy? (color or shape constancy)