Memory
What are the 3 types of memory
Episodic, semantic, procedural
What story did Bartlett give to his participants to read
War of the ghosts
What is the difference between sensation and perception?
Sensation refers to the information from the environment coming into the brain. Perception is how we interpret the information
Why is Gibson's theory described as direct?
Because it suggests that we don't need schemas to fill in any blanks - the environment provides us with all the information we require
Is Gregory's theory a top down approach or bottoms up?
Top down
Name 3 factors that affect the accuracy of memory
Interference, context, false memories
What is reconstructive memory?
Our brain only stores important information. When recalling, we use our schemas to fill in the blanks or 'reconstruct our memory'
Name the 5 monocular depth cues
Texture gradient, linear perspective, occlusion, relative size, height in plant
Describe the visual cliff experiment
There is a table which features one side with a deep drop (glass was present to protect the babies). Babies were placed on the table to see if they would crawl over to the mum or not
Identify one similarity between Gibson and Gregory's theories
They both provide an explanation of how we perceive things
Murdock
What is the aim of Bartlett's study
To investigate how memory is reconstructed when people are asked to recall something repeatedly over a period of weeks and months.
Bartlett's aim was to use a story from a different culture to see how cultural expectations affect memory.
Name the 4 factors that affect perception?
Motivation, expectation, culture, emotions
What are the 3 key features to Gibson's theory
Optic flow
Motion parallax
The role of nature
What are the 4 components of Gregory's theory?
Construction, inference, visual cues, the role of nurture
Define encoding
Information is changed in a way that it can be stored in the brain
What are the results of Bartlett's story
• The story was shortened, mainly by omissions.
• The phrases used were changed to language and concepts from the participant's
own culture. For example, using 'boats' instead of 'canoe'.
• The recalled version soon became very fixed, though each time it was recalled there
were slight variations.
Describe ambiguity as an explanation for visual illusions
One image can be viewed and interpreted in 2 different ways.
Explain one weakness of Gibson's theory
What is inference?
With reference to the multistore model of memory, why does the primary recency effect occur
The words at the beginning of the list are rehearsed more so get transferred to the LTM. The words at the end of the list are recalled because they are the most recent in the STM which has a duration of 15 seconds. The words in the middle of the list are lost due to displacement as the STM has a capacity of 7 items
What real life examples can the results of Bartlett's experiment be used to explain?
Eye witness testimony may not be accurate
Describe the method and procedure of Bruner and Minturn's study
They used an ambiguous figure that could be seen as the number 13 or the letter B. Participants were shown either a sequence of letters or a sequence of numbers. The participants that saw the sequence of letters were more likely to identify the ambiguous figure as the letter B.
Explain how Gibson's theory applies to a pilot landing a plane
Optical flow is used by pilots to provide them with information about:
the distance between the plane and the ground
any obstacles they might need to factor in
the landing surface
the speed and deceleration of the approach
the outline of the runway
Gibson claimed that all of the above is sufficient to land a plane, determined by the patterns made by the light hitting the retina of the pilot
What do we mean when we say Gregory's theory is constructivist?
Information from the environment is incomplete so we use our schemas to fill in the blanks