Memory I
The persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information.
What is Memory
Memory that holds a few items (+/- 7 items) for roughly 30 seconds.
What is short-term memory?
A step-by-step process that guarantees a solution (but is very time-consuming).
What is an algorithm?
A sudden and often novel realization of a solution to a problem (A-ha moment).
What is insight?
The process of getting information out of memory storage.
What is retrieval?
Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
What is the serial positioning effect?
The retrieving information that is not currently in your conscious awareness but that was learned at an earlier time. Ex: Short answer questions.
What is recall?
Strategy to get information from short-term memory to long-term memory.
What is rehearsal?
Expanding the number of possible problem solutions; and creative thinking in different directions
What is divergent thinking?
David falsely believed that he would pass his driver's license test even though he never practiced driving and was unfamiliar with the rules of the road. This is an example of ______________.
What is overconfidence?
The experience of knowing that we know something but being unable to access it.
What is Tip-of-the-Tongue phenomenon?
The phenomenon that learning is more effective when study sessions are spaced out over time, rather than presented all at once.
What is the spacing effect?
The identifying items previously learned, like a multiple-choice question.
What is recognition?
A type of storage that holds sensory information for a few seconds or less.
What is the sensory memory?
a simple thinking strategy that allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms.
What is a heuristic?
The mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
What is cognition?
The inability to retrieve information from one's past.
What is retrograde amnesia?
The ability to concentrate on one voice amongst a crowd.
What is the Cocktail Party Effect?
The memory of how to do something.
What is procedural memory?
the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.
What is long-term Memory?
A tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions.
What is confirmation bias?
The ability to focus on only one stimulus from among all sensory input
What is selective attention?
The inability to form new memories.
The memory strategy of organizing items into familiar, manageable units.
What is Chunking?
The strengthening of synaptic connections -an increase in a cell’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation.
What is Long-term Potentiation (LTM)?
Effortful processing; is when we consciously try to recall a specific event or piece of information. Things we intentionally try to recall or remember, such as formulas and dates, are stored here.
What is explicit memory?
The inability to see a problem from a new perspective; a hindrance to problem-solving.
What is fixation?
A type of critical thinking in which one evaluates existing possible solutions to a problem to choose the best one
What is a convergent thinking?
Occurs when misleading information has distorted one's memory of an event.
What is the misinformation effect?
Higher-order thinking processes that include planning, organizing, inhibition, and decision-making.
What are executive functions?