History
What agricultural industry played a major role in shaping SoCal's economy and created a dependence on Mexican Labor?
The Citrus/Orange industry
Who was Lorenzo Ramirez and what is his significance.
His child was forced to go to Lincoln school and denied a transfer which sparked families to challenge the school segregation system.
What would former students call the most degrading part of discrimination that would occur at Lincoln school?
Lice and Flea Checks.
When was the Mendez V. Westminster suit filed?
March 2, 1945
How did the Mendez case influence the fight against school segregation across the United states?
It helped create a legal foundation for future cases that were similar.
In 1923, El Modena opened up a new school specifically for Anglo children. What was the name of the school that the Mexican children attended and what was the name of the school that the Anglo children attended.
Mexican children attended Lincoln while Anglo children attended Roosevelt.
Which family filed the lawsuit against the school districts in Orange country to challenge the segregation of Mexican American students?
The Mendez Family.
Social and racial prejudice and wanting to create a sense of inferiority.
What amendment did they seek relief under?
The 14th Amendment (equal protection of the laws)
After the Mendez case, what are two ways that schools continued to stay segregated?
White Flight and Gerrymandering.
What group formed in 1943 to combat school segregation?
The Latin American Organization (LAO)
Which two civil rights organizations recognized the Mendez case as an opportunity to challenge school segregation?
The NAACP and the ACLU.
What was the difference in the competency of the teachers that were placed into Lincoln school and Roosevelt school? How did it affect students?
The teachers in Lincoln school were "less experienced and less qualified." They treated students harshly and "did not like their jobs" which created a negative environment for students.
Which court reviewed the Mendez case after the federal district ruled in favor of the Mendez family.
The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals.
Which other court case did Mendez v. Westminster play a vital role in?
Brown v. Board of Education
What does the authors description of a "Silent Segregation" mean in this context?
The racial discrimination towards he students was practiced without being openly acknowledged. It would just occur.
During the trial, what did the school superintendent reveal about how Mexican American students were placed into separate schools after claiming it was for language differences?
He revealed that students were separated based on ethnicity without being given English proficiency tests?
What was the difference in the material/courses taught to students in Roosevelt school and Lincoln school?
Courses offered at Roosevelt school consisted of sciences and math. Courses offered at Lincoln school consisted of "vocational classes and culture classes."
What happened after the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the ruling in the Mendez case in 1947?
California abolished its laws that allowed school segregation
What did the term "second generation discrimination" refer to?
It refers to discrimination that continued after this case. Examples are White flight and gerrymandering.
What was the reason for still wanting Mexican children enrolled in public schools but keeping them segregated from Anglo children?
Public schools received funding based on the attendance of students yet they still believed both students should be educated separately.
What was Paul J. McCormick's role in the Mendez case?
He was the federal judge who ruled in favor of the Mendez Family.
Although the Roosevelt school was meant for Anglo children, they allowed some Mexican students to attend under a circumstance. What was this circumstance?
They allowed "light complexioned" Mexican students to attend because they were considered "American."
What legal strategy did parents and community members use to fight this case?
Grassroots Mobilization
What does the author want the main takeaway from this article to be?
Challenging laws and coming together to fight for change is important but it unfortunately does not fully eliminate discrimination.