Schizo.
What is the likelihood of developing schizophrenia if your identical twin has the disorder?
50%
What term describes disorders of mood and affect, affecting over 9% of the population in a given year?
Affective disorders
These types of drugs, including tricyclic compounds and SSRIs, elevate monoamine neurotransmitter levels in the brain to alleviate depression symptoms
Antidepressants
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis regulates the secretion of this hormone from the adrenal glands in response to stress.
cortisol
Anxiety disorders are characterized by the pathological expression of this adaptive response, which becomes inappropriate in these conditions
fear
Name one positive symptom and one negative symptom of schizophrenia
Positive: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, or grossly disorganized behavior
Negative: reduced expression of emotion, poverty of speech, difficulty in initiating goal-directed behavior, or memory impairment
What is the cardinal symptom of major depression, present every day for at least 2 weeks, and not obviously related to bereavement?
Loss of interest or pleasure in all activities (anhedonia)
This treatment modality aims to help patients overcome negative self-views and outlooks in mild to moderate depression cases.
Psychotherapy
Benzodiazepines act to make this neurotransmitter much more effective in opening its receptors, resulting in inhibition in the brain.
gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
What term describes the fear of being in situations where escape might be difficult or embarrassing?
agoraphobia
What structural difference is commonly observed in the brains of individuals with schizophrenia compared to those without?
enlarged lateral ventricles
What disorder is characterized by repeated episodes of mania or mixed episodes of mania and depression, affecting about 1% of the population?
Bipolar Disorder
This therapy, involving inducing seizure activity in the temporal lobes, is surprisingly effective for depression and mania
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
This brain structure, critical to fear responses, plays a role in regulating the stress response by activating the HPA axis
amygdala
These are characterized by sudden feelings of intense terror that occur without warning. The symptoms include palpitations, sweating, trembling, shortness of breath, chest pain, nausea, dizziness, tingling sensations, and chills or blushing
panic attacks
What is the term for peculiarities of voluntary movement sometimes observed in individuals with schizophrenia, characterized by immobility and stupor?
catatonia
What hypothesis proposes that depression is a consequence of a deficit in neurotransmitters like norepinephrine and serotonin in the brain?
Monoamine Hypothesis
This medication, discovered by John Cade in the 1940s, is highly effective in stabilizing mood for patients with bipolar disorder.
Lithium
These medications, including benzodiazepines and serotonin-selective reuptake inhibitors, are commonly used to treat anxiety disorders by altering chemical synaptic transmission in the brain.
anxiolytic medications
this is characterized by at least 6 months of persistent and excessive anxiety and worry
Generalized anxiety disorder
Who introduced the term "schizophrenia" in 1911?
Eugen Bleuler
According to what hypothesis of affective disorders is the HPA axis the main site where genetic and environmental influences converge to cause mood disorders
The Diathesis–Stress Hypothesis.
This surgical procedure involves implanting electrodes deep in the brain, targeting the anterior cingulate cortex, to modulate overactive brain circuits associated with severe depression.
Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS)
Human brain imaging studies have shown a decrease in the volume of this brain structure in some people suffering from PTSD
hippocampus
What is the ratio of panic disorder occurrence between women and men?
Panic disorder is twice as common in women as in men (2:1)