Assyria
Capital of Assyria, or the chief god of Assyrian people
-governed by an Ensi
-presided over trade between Anatolia and Northern Mesopotamia
What is Assur?
Language family around most languages in europe belong, including the anatolian family, which is hittite importantly
What is Indo-Europeans?
A language originating from Akkad, an empire that controlled Northern Mesopotamia in the third millennium
-became the language of international diplomacy
-Semitic Language
What is Akkadian?
King of Babylonia in the 18th century
-"King of Justice"
-established Hammurabis Code, an "eye for an eye"
Who is Hammurabi?
A term for Sumerian King, military controller
-means literally, "the big man"
What is a lugal?
a northern Assyrian way of farming dry land in which seeds are planted deep in ground where there is some moisture
-Habur triangle: production and trade
What is dry farming?
volcanic glass originating from Anatolia
-a prominent item of trade in prehistory
What is obsidian?
First ruler of the Akkadian empire
-"True King"
-Reforms include standardized measuring systems and military organization
-Made Akkadian language of the state
Who is Sargon?
A code of principles written in cuneiform under the rule of Hammurapi
-An "eye for an eye"
What is Hammurabi's code?
The largest ancient Sumerian city, capital for a while
-flourished from 4th to 1st millennia
-temple of Inanna
-capital moved to Ur after Gutian invasion
What is Uruk?
an emperor who built the Assyrians into a trade and military power
-united much of Northern Mesopotamia and Assyria
-from Terqa, exiled from Babylon
Who is Shamshi-Adad?
Present day Turkey, characterized by mountains to the north and south, with plains in the middle
-Taurus mountain range had limited passages between Anatolia and Assyria
-Land of abundant resources: obsidian, and later precious metals
What is Anatolia?
A group of barbarians from the Zagros Mountains who invaded the Akkadian Empire and contributed to its collapse.
-reigned for only 40 years
-allowed many cities to retain power, notably Lagash
Who are the Gutians?
Hammurabi's son
-gradually lost control of southern Sumerian cities to King of SeaLand
Who is Samsuiluna?
A form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge shaped stylus and clay tablets.
-Emerged c. 3200
-First, administrative origins
What is cuneiform?
An Assyrian official elected annually
-in charge of city hall
-gave name to year
What is a limum?
Center of Anatolian trade, early 2nd millennium
What is a Kanesh?
Religious capital of Akkadians
-rose to prominence during OB
-north-central Sumer
-prominent livestock depot
What is Nippur?
God of the sun and justice
-who Hammurabi received his code
Who is Shamash?
tombs of ancient kings and queens of Sumer which contained many beautiful artifacts of Sumer
-Discovered by Leonard Woolley
What is the Royal Cemetery of Ur?
An empire in Northern Mesopotamia
-kings power balanced by a council
What is Assyria?
A name given to old Assyrian trade posts within Anatolia
What is Karum?
Grandson of Sargon
-"Ruler of the four quarters"
-defended harsh military coup
Who is Naram-Sin?
An edict to restore order
-used by samsuiluna to issue agricultural distress signals
What is mesharum?
British archeologist who directed the excavation of Ur: Gave an insight to the life of ancient civilizations and their cultures.
Who is C Leonard Wooley?