Anatomy and Physiology
These two triangular endocrine glands are situated on the tops of the kidneys.
What are the adrenal glands?
This specific type of disorder of elevated blood glucose affects women during pregnancy.
What is gestational diabetes?
This treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma is considered curative. Hint: your instructor's dad just had this done!
What is a liver transplant?
The most common cause of chronic pancreatitis is this addiction disorder.
What is alcoholism or heavy alcohol use?
This organ is responsible for producing the digestive fluid that helps to digest and absorb fat in the small intestine.
The rate of this acute event can be 2-4 times greater for those with diabetes than the general population. It is classified as either hemorrhagic or ischemic.
What is a stroke/CVA?
This complication from diabetes results from excess serum glucose that impairs and damages nerves. It is common in the hands and feet of diabetic patients.
What is (sensory) neuropathy?
This term for fat in stool is a common manifestation of those with chronic pancreatitis.
What is steatorrhea? (Happens when lipase and protease are reduced to less than 10% of normal which leads to malabsorption of fat)
You ask your diabetic patient if they have this absence of feeling and this prickly sensation in their feet or hands to assess for diabetic neuropathy.
What is numbness and tingling?
Type 1 diabetes mellitus is an outcome of the immune system attacking these insulin-producing cells.
What are pancreatic B (beta) cells?
Your patient with known cirrhosis of the liver presents with an elevated serum ammonia level. He appears confused. You recognize this complication as a consequence of advanced liver disease. Hint: he was ordered lactulose to help alleviate this complication.
What is hepatic encephalopathy?
Name three risk factors for gallbladder disease.
Female, multiparity, >40 yo, estrogen therapy, sedentary lifestyle, obesity
You are a community health nurse who is doing a diabetes prevention teaching to a group. You explain that this kind of obesity, often compared to an apple shape, may indicate metabolic syndrome which can be a predictor for diabetes type II.
What is central obesity?
Name and define the 3 P's of diabetes.
What are: Polydipsia = thirst
Polyuria = urination
Polyphagia = eating
You are monitoring your patient for diabetic ketoacidosis. You are reviewing his chemistry panel for this value which reflects an excessive amount of ketone bodies in the blood and measures the difference between cations and anions in the blood.
What is anion gap (not specific for DKA; can also be with renal failure). Anion gap >12, arterial pH <7.30, and serum ketones in the blood/urine help to diagnose DKA. Ketones in the blood cause a disruption in the acid-base balance and elevate the anion gap.
You overhear the dietician teaching your patient with cholecystitis to avoid types of food that are high in these two types of lipids to avoid cramping and difficulty with digestion.
What are fat and cholesterol?
Your end-stage liver disease (ESLD) patient presents with itching and jaundice. You acknowledge that her poor liver function contributes to an increase in this yellowish pigment found in bile that is a waste product of the liver's breakdown of red blood cells.
What is bilirubin? It builds up because a compromised liver has lost its ability to excrete toxins/waste.
Severe hyperglycemia as seen in diabetic ketoacidosis can cause a hyperosmolar state and a decrease of this serum electrolyte. (Hint: it may cause acute confusion or put you at risk for seizure activity)
What is Sodium (hyponatremia is caused because hyperglycemia can depress serum sodium concentration)
Your diabetic patient presented with hyperglycemia and you review her medications. You observe ibuprofen, acetaminophen, diltiazem (Cardizem), and a lidocaine patch. You educate your patient that this medication may contribute to hyperglycemia. *Give me the med and the category*
What is Diltiazem = calcium channel blocker
An obstruction caused by cholelithiasis, or the presence of gallstones, presents with this kind of pain. (Looking for character, area, and when it happens)
Severe, steady/excruciating, refers to shoulder/scapula, residual tenderness in the RUQ, happens 3-6h after high fat meal or when pt lies down (Gallstones cause pain when moving through bile ducts or when causing an obstruction)