Glycolysis vs Gluconeogenesis
Glycolysis occurs in this cellular compartment.
What is the cytosol?
Glycolysis is considered catabolic, while photosynthesis is considered ________.
What is anabolic?
This gas is released during decarboxylation steps.
What is carbon dioxide?
Where in the cell does the Pentose Phosphate Pathway occur?
What is the cytosol?
This molecule is the primary energy currency of the cell.
What is ATP?
Gluconeogenesis requires this energy input molecule that glycolysis produces.
What is ATP (or GTP)?
This molecule is reduced in photosynthesis but oxidized in glycolysis.
What is NADP⁺ (reduced to NADPH) vs NADH being oxidized later in respiration?
This molecule is regenerated at the end of the cycle.
What is oxaloacetate?
This cell type heavily relies on NADPH to combat oxidative stress.
What are red blood cells?
This hormone lowers blood glucose levels.
What is insulin?
These three irreversible glycolytic enzymes are bypassed in gluconeogenesis.
What are hexokinase, PFK-1, and pyruvate kinase?
These membrane-bound complexes are present in photosynthesis but absent in glycolysis.
What are Photosystem II, cytochrome b6f complex, and Photosystem I?
This cofactor carries high-energy electrons to the electron transport chain.
What is NADH?
Pyruvate carboxylase (the first enzyme in the PPP) requires this molecule as a coenzyme during the chemical addition of CO2 to pyruvate.
What is biotin?
This pathway generates NADPH and ribose-5-phosphate simultaneously.
What is the pentose phosphate pathway?
This molecule reciprocally regulates glycolysis and gluconeogenesis by affecting PFK-1 and FBPase-1.
What is fructose-2,6-bisphosphate?
This molecule serves as the primary electron donor in photosynthesis, whereas this coenzyme carries electrons during glycolysis.
What is water (photosynthesis) and NAD⁺/NADH (glycolysis)?
This step produces GTP (or ATP) directly.
What is the succinyl-CoA to succinate step?
This molecule is regenerated by NADPH to maintain redox balance.
What is reduced glutathione (GSH)?
This metabolic signaling molecule binds to a GPCR (outer cell membrane receptor) to promote lipase activity during fasting.
What is glucagon?
This coordinated regulation mechanism prevents futile cycling between glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.
What is reciprocal regulation (or allosteric/hormonal regulation preventing futile cycles)?
This mechanistic similarity exists between the cytochrome b6f complex in photosynthesis and Complex III in mitochondria.
What is the use of a Q cycle to transfer electrons and pump protons across a membrane?
This enzyme is inhibited by its product NADH and by ATP, integrating energy status into cycle regulation.
hat is isocitrate dehydrogenase?
This enzyme deficiency leads to hemolytic anemia under oxidative stress.
What is G6PD deficiency?
This regulatory enzyme is phosphorylated to decrease glycolysis and increase gluconeogenesis in the liver.
What is pyruvate kinase?