Energy
All the chemical reactions that happen inside the cell
What is a cell’s metabolism?
The uptake and removal of nutrients, elimination of waste, and maintenance of ion concentrations.
What is Transport Work?
1) Glycolysis: breaks down glucose into two pyruvate molecules
2) Pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle: completes the breakdown of glucose into CO2
What are the first 2 stages of cellular respiration?
What is the equation for photosynthesis?
6CO2 + 6H2O + Light → C6H12O6 + 6O2
The range of all possible frequencies of radiation
What is electromagnetic spectrum?
Reactants: Carbon dioxide, water, energy
Products: Glucose molecule and oxygen
What are the reactants and products in the synthesis of glucose?
True or False:
Enzymes alter the free energy input and output of chemical reactions
False; free energy input and output remains the same
2 NADH and 2 acetyl CoA (1 NADH and 1
acetyl CoA per pyruvate, 2 total pyruvate
from glycolysis)
What are the products of the breakdown of pyruvate?
Sunlight is absorbed by chlorophyll and converted to
chemical energy
What is Light Dependent Reactions?
How do we calculate the wavelength?
Measuring from crest to crest or trough to trough.
It requires the input of energy and forms a more complex molecule (glucose) from simpler ones (water and carbon dioxide)
What is the anabolic pathway?
What pathway is the formation of glucose?
Dietary vitamins are the common source used in enzymes
What are the most common sources of coenzymes?
Makes 2 CO2, 1 ATP, 3 NADH,and 1 FADH2 for each acetyl CoA
What are the products of the Krebs Cycle?
1) Antenna proteins
2) Light-harvesting complex
3) Reaction centers
What 3 components make up both photosystems?
Which wavelengths have the most energy?
smaller wavelengths have more energy than larger ones
Chemical reactions (they use and create energy)
What is the primary factor affecting the amount of free energy available?
A scientist is studying an enzyme that normally functions in human cells at 37°C and pH 7. During an experiment, the scientist accidentally heats the enzyme-containing solution to 90°C for 10 minutes. After cooling the solution back to 37°C, the enzyme no longer catalyzes its reaction.
Why?
A. The enzyme’s active site changed shape due to denaturation, preventing the substrate from binding.
B. The enzyme was used up during the reaction and cannot be reused.
C. The substrate was permanently destroyed by the heat.
D. The enzyme converted into a competitive inhibitor.
The enzyme’s active site changed shape due to denaturation, preventing the substrate from binding.
How?
High temperatures break the hydrogen bonds and other weak interactions that maintain the enzyme’s tertiary structure.
This causes denaturation, meaning the enzyme loses its 3D shape.
When the active site changes shape, the substrate cannot bind, so the reaction stops.
Complex III pumps H+ across the membrane
- Electrons are then passed to Cyt c
What happens in Complex III and Cyt c?
DAILY DOUBLE
A plant scientist creates a mutant plant that cannot convert 3-PGA into G3P during the Calvin Cycle. The plant can still fix CO₂ normally.
Which phase of the Calvin Cycle is most directly affected?
A. Carbon fixation
B. Reduction
C. Regeneration of RuBP
D. Photophosphorylation
The reduction phase of the Calvin Cycle uses ATP and NADPH to convert 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PGA) into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P). If this conversion cannot occur, the reduction phase is disrupted, preventing sugar production
SpongeBob is trying to make energy in his pineapple under the sea. Today, sunlight is dim.
Question:
Which part of photosynthesis will be affected first?
Light-dependent reactions; need sunlight to produce ATP and NADPH. Without enough light, these reactions slow down, which indirectly limits the Calvin cycle.
1. Energy is added
2. Increased free energy
3. Decreased entropy
What are 3 characteristics of an endergonic reaction?
DAILY DOUBLE
If someone drinks methanol (wood alcohol), it is converted into toxic formaldehyde by the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase. Doctors treat the patient with ethanol because ethanol competes for the same enzyme, preventing methanol from being metabolized into toxic products.
Ethanol works as a competitive inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase, preventing methanol from being converted into the toxic compounds formaldehyde and formic acid.
A scientist is studying muscle cells during intense exercise. When oxygen becomes limited, the cells switch from aerobic respiration to fermentation.
Why are the cells still able to continue glycolysis during fermentation?
A. Fermentation produces large amounts of ATP that power glycolysis.
B. Fermentation regenerates NAD⁺, allowing glycolysis to continue.
C. Fermentation converts glucose directly into ATP without enzymes.
D. Fermentation produces oxygen needed for glycolysi
B
Explanation:
During glycolysis, NAD⁺ is reduced to NADH. If NAD⁺ is not regenerated, glycolysis will stop because the cell runs out of the electron acceptor.
Fermentation converts NADH back into NAD⁺, allowing glycolysis to keep producing ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation, even without oxygen.
DAILY DOUBLE
Researchers are studying a mutant plant in which Photosystem II does not function, but Photosystem I remains active. The plants are exposed to normal sunlight and CO₂ levels.
Which of the following is the most likely immediate effect on photosynthesis in this plant?
A. Oxygen production will stop, and NADPH production will decrease.
B. Oxygen production will increase because electrons move faster through Photosystem I.
C. Carbon fixation will increase because ATP production increases.
D. Water splitting will continue but oxygen cannot be released.
A
Explanation
Photosystem II normally:
Splits H₂O
Produces O₂
Supplies electrons to the electron transport chain
If Photosystem II is inactive:
Water cannot split → no O₂ production
Electrons are not supplied to the ETC
Photosystem I eventually cannot produce NADPH efficiently
Since the Calvin Cycle requires NADPH, carbon fixation will also decrease later
After swinging all night, Peter Parker’s muscles are running low on oxygen. To keep generating ATP, his muscles convert pyruvate into another compound, causing soreness and fatigue. Which process is directly responsible for this lactic acid buildup?
Lactic acid fermentation