Regulation
Count It!
Back and Forth
Whatever
Body Parts
100
Name 2 activators of glycolysis and 2 inhibiting molecules (multiple answers, but "no right answer" for Matt)
Answers include... i. NADH/NAD ratio set by O2 availability (LDH control) ii. Citrate and ATP inhibit PFK-1 iii. F-2,6-P and AMP activate PFK-1 iv. ATP inhibits and F-1,6-Pi activates Protein Kinase
100
Number of glucosyl residues between branches of glycogen
What is 4
100
Isozyme released into the blood after a mycardial infarct, which prefers the conversion of lactate to pyruvate
What is lactate dehydrogenase H4-> heart M4-> muscle and liver
100
The least active form of the enzyme that breaks down glycogen
What is T state of phosphorylase b *Allosteric activation provided by AMP
100
does nearly every metabolic function we have discussed so far
What is the liver
200
High mitochondrial concentration of NADH promotes the formation of what gluconeogenesis intermediate?
High lactate drives LDH and high NADH drives malate formation
200
Voltage potential of electron transfer from NADH to oxygen
What is 1.14V dG (faraday equation conversion) = 52calories
200
requires 5 coenzymes and found in the mitochondria
What is pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) 1. NAD 2. TPP 3. FAD 4. Lipoic Acid 5. Coenzyme A
200
What is a major precursor for gluconeogenesis? A. Glucose-1-Pi B. Glycerol C. Galactose D. Glycogen
What is glycerol Glycerol is formed from DHAP
200
Lacks glucose-6-phosphatase
What is muscle In constrast to the liver, muscle will not dephosphorylate the glucose-1-Pi from glycogenolysis and pass glucose to the blood stream
300
Muscle glycogen Phosphorylase A is phosphorylated in response to what activators (not the enzymes)
What is epinephrine. AMP in muscle is an allosteric activator of phosphorylase a but it is the Protein Kinase (c-AMP) pathway that does the phosphorylating
300
Total H+ transported out of the matrix for 1 pyruvate to CO2
What is 46 H 4 NADH = 40 1 FADH = 6
300
Energy for the synthesis of glycogen comes from?
What is UTP UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase add a UPD and breaks down the 2Pi quickly before glucose can be added to the growing glycogen molecule.
300
Deficiency of this enzyme leads to oxidative stress on RBCs
What is Glucose-6-Pi Dehydrogenase (PPi Pathway)
300
Allows the oxidation of cytoplasmic NADH, H+ by mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase (*name the mechanism, I ran out of body parts questions)
What is Malate-aspartate shuttle
400
The citric acid cycle is regulated by the Isocitrate Dehydrogenase enzyme, what molecules inhibit this step?
High ATP and NADH inhibits IDH and diverts citrate to fatty acid synthesis *note: ATP, NADH, and AcCoA inhibit PDH as well
400
# of NADPH formed from the conversion of 6 glucose to 5 glucose in the PPi Pathway
What is 12
400
metabolism of what metabolite is limited to entering the citric acid cycle
What is alcohol because it is converted directly to Acetyl CoA (making NADH) it leads to fatty acid synthesis
400
Protein kinase inhibits this enzyme while cleaving off a Pi by protein phosphatase activates it.
What is Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Note that the protein phosphatase is activated by Ca++, which makes sense for muscles.
400
Produces acetoacetate and releases it into the blood via fatty acid catabolism in diabetics
What is the liver Liver lacks thiophorase and emits the acetoacetate into the blood where it is taken up by the heart, muscle and renal cortex. Converted to 2 acetyl CoA.
500
Uncoupling of oxydative phosphorylation uncouple ____ with ____?
electron transfer with ATP synthesis the term "uncouplers" refers to the dissociation of oxidative phosphorylation from ATP synthesis, so respiration is uncontrolled, since there is no limit by ADP or organic phosphorus. Commonly used is DNP.
500
# of hydrogens exchanged by ATP synthase
What is 3 The ratio of 4H:1ATP is accounting for the loss of an additional H+ when OH- is transferred across the inner membrane to exchange the Pi
500
The glucogenic pathway of pyruvate to fructose-1,6-Pi involves which of the following: A. hexokinase B. Acetyl CoA is not required to activate the pathway C. requires lacate dehydrogenase D. Requires 4 ATP + 2 GTP E. Produces 2 ATP + 2 GTP
What is D
500
# of ATP made from 6 pentose-Pi's requiring the input of 4 ATP
What is 20 (net 16 ATP)
500
Of the allosteric activators of glycolysis in the liver, what is the most important in maintaining normal blood glucose levels?
What is fructose 2,6 bisphosphate
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