Traditional Approaches
Students translate texts and memorize grammar rules; speaking barely happens.
Grammar-Translation Method
Focus on fluency, interaction, and meaningful communication.
Communicative language teaching
Students study subjects like math or science through a foreign language.
CLIL
Students repeat patterns, drills, and dialogues to form habits; no grammar explanation.
Audio-Lingual Method
Lessons are organized around functions like apologizing, requesting, or expressing time.
Lessons are organized around functions like apologizing, requesting, or expressing time.
cademic content is made easier using visuals, scaffolding, and simplified language.
Sheltered instruction
Teaching happens only through speaking and demonstration; the native language is not allowed.
direct method
Focus on vocabulary chunks such as “by the way” or “at the end of the day.”
Lexical approach
Language is learned through exposure to academic content such as history or economics.
CBI
Learners use colored rods and discover rules; the teacher stays mostly silent.
The silent way
Students work in groups where everyone must succeed together.
Cooperative Language Learning
Students develop real-life skills such as filling forms, applying for jobs, or giving instructions.
Students develop real-life skills such as filling forms, applying for jobs, or giving instructions.