Methods 1-2
Methods 3-5
Methods 6-7
Proofiness Chapters 1-4
Proofiness Chapters 5-8
100
What is the difference between induction and deduction?
Induction is reasoning from the specific to the general. Deduction is reasoning from the general to the specific.
100
What is the difference between internal and external validity?
Internal validity is the extent of causality between IV and DV. External validity is the extent to which the research findings can be generalized for real world situations.
100
What are the requirements for a true experiment?
Manipulation and random assignment.
100
This is a function of the size of the sample that reflects the imprecision in a poll caused by statistical error.
What is the margin of error?
100
This always exists no matter how small the number is that is being counted.
What is error?
200
What are the four cannons of science and what are the four ways of knowing?
Four cannons of science: determinism, empiricism, parsimony, and testability. Four ways of knowing are: intuition, logic, authority, and observation.
200
Please list four rules in writing good questions.
Keep it simple, use informal language, avoid negations, avoid double-barreled questions, avoid force-choice items, avoid questions that do not yield any variance, avoid loaded questions, make sure questions are relevant to everyone in the study, write multiple questions to assess the same construct, mix it up, establish a judgmental context, ease into socially sensitive questions, ask sensitive questions sensitively, guarantee participants' anonymity (Any four of these).
200
What are the three nonexperimental research designs?
Case study, single-variable research, and multiple-variable research.
200
This is the source of error most likely to render a poll meaningless.
What is systematic error?
200
This is the manipulation of voting districts in order to maximize the benefits for the party in power.
What is gerrymandering?
300
Please list the four important rules that the IRBs enforce for approving a research proposal.
Informed consent, freedom from coercion, confidentiality, and debriefing.
300
Please explain what is the Hawthorne effect.
The increases in productivity that may occur when workers believe that their behavior is being studied or believe that they are receiving special treatment.
300
What are the strengths of a true experiment? Please list three.
Eliminate individual differences, eliminate confounds, minimize noise/error variance, isolate IV and DV, high in internal validity, provide information about interactions.
300
The generation of a line, curve, equation or formula that seems to describe the pattern in a set of data yet has no real value at all.
What is regression to the moon?
300
These are citizens who have the right to vote but are deliberately ignored by the government.
What are ghostlike disenfranchised creatures?
400
Please name the three approaches to hypothesis testing and choose one of them to describe in more details.
Validation, falsification, and qualification. Validation: researchers gather evidence that supports or confirms a theory or hypothesis. Falsification: researchers gather evidence that invalidates or disconfirms a theory or hypothesis. Qualification: researchers try to identify the boundary conditions under which a theory or hypothesis is and is not true.
400
What are the differences between confound, artifact, and error variance?
Confound is an additional variable that varies systematically with IV or DV. Artifact is an important but overlooked variable that are held constant in an experiment Error variance refers to whatever sources of variability on which we are not focusing our attention.
400
What are the three requirements for causality?
Covariation between the variables, temporal precedence of the cause, exclusion of alternative explanations
400
These are three types of fruit packing.
What are cherry-picking, comparing apples to oranges and apple polishing?
400
One of the following manages to use numbers accurately, without proofiness: a) lawyers b) the government c) advertisers d) none of the above
What is "none of the above"?
500
Please explain what is positive test bias.
Positive test bias is the tendency for people who are evaluating hypotheses to attempt to confirm rather than to disconfirm these hypotheses.
500
Explain the differences between test-retest reliability, inter-item reliability, and inter-rater reliability.
Test-retest reliability is the consistency over time. Testing the same group several times should yield the same result. Inter-item reliability is the consistency among items. Different items measuring the same variable should attain correlated results. Inter-rater reliability refers to the extent to which different judges independently agree upon an observation or judgment.
500
How do you solve the problem that experiments are often unrealistic? (Hint: three ways)
Increase mundane realism (make study as similar to real world as possible), increase experimental/psychological mundane (feels like the real world, truly experience the psychological states), and use multiple research methods.
500
Journalists cannot maintain this even when claiming to have a neutral approach to a subject.
What is balance?
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