Chapter 7
A technique for randomly assigning subjects to experimental groups and control groups.
Randomization
Probability Sampling
Type of question where respondent is asked to provide his or her own answers.
Open-Ended Question
An interaction between an interviewer and a respondent where the interviewer has a general plan of inquiry, including topics to be covered.
Qualitative Interview
When randomization is not possible what general type of research design is necessary?
Quasi-Experimental
What is the theoretically specified grouping of study elements called?
Population
What is a method for collecting data by applying a standard instrument in a systematic way to take measures from a large number of units?
Survey
6-12 people brought together to engage in a guided group discussion of some topic.
Focus Group
Non-Equivalent Groups Design
A type of probability sampling in which the units composing a population are assigned numbers, a set of random numbers is then generated, and the units that have those numbers are included in the sample.
Simple Random Sampling
Name 4 of the 8 main categories of research applications in which survey methods are especially appropriate.
1) Counting
2) Self-Reports
3) Target Victim Surveys
4) Perceptions and Attitudes
5) Targeted Victim Surveys
6) Other Evaluation Uses
7) General-Purpose Crime Surveys
____________ is a technique that involves writing about your research process from beginning to end.
Memoing
A _____________ design involves examining a series of observations on some variable over time. A special type of this design that can be used in cause-and-effect studies is called ________________?
1) Time Series
2) Interrupted Time Series
A method of probability sampling in which units are occurring in some specified interval in a list are selected for inclusion in the sample- for example, every 25th student in the college directory of students.
Systematic Sampling
The _________ of offending focuses on how many crimes of various types are committed by active offenders over a period of time while the ____________ of offending focuses on how many people commit crimes.
2) Prevalance
_____________ stems from an analysis of patterns, themes, and common categories discovered in data.
Grounded Theory
Whether a relationship observed in a specific population, at a specific time, and in a specific place would also be observed in other populations, at other times, and in other places is called ______________?
External Validity
The grouping of the units composing a population into homogeneous groups before sampling.
____________ surveys are fast and relatively low cost while _______________ are best for complex questionnaires and other specialized needs.
2) In-Person Interviews
____________ refers generally to your subjectivity in the research process while _______________ is how you connect with participants.
1) Reflexivity
2) Rapport
Classical experiments and quasi-experiments with large numbers of subjects are examined to understand a small number of variables is called _____________ while _________________ occurs when a large number of variables are studied for a small number of cases or subjects.
1) Case-Orientated Research
2) Variable-Orientated Research
What is the national crime survey that is conducted in the United States that seeks to represent the nationwide population of persons ages 12 and over who are living in households.
Surveys tend to be high on (reliability or validity) but (reliability or validity) can be a weak point often.
1) Reliability
2) Validity
What are the four steps to gaining access to formal organizations?
1) Find a Sponsor
2) Write a Letter to Executive Director
3) Make a Phone Call
4) Meet with the Contact Person
What are the three major components of a classical experiment?
1) Independent and Dependent Variables
2) Pretesting and Posttesting
3) Control and Experimental Groups
The type of sampling that is used to purposely produce samples that are not representative of a population on some variable is _________________. Additionally, sampling where the initial sampling of groups of elements is followed by the selection of elements within each of this selected groups is called _________________?
1) Disproportionate Stratified Sampling
2) Multi-Stage Cluster Sampling
What are the 3 main general rules for interviewing?
2) Familiarity with the Questionnaire
3) Probing for Responses
What are the 3 main forms of coding?
1) Open Coding
2) Axial Coding
3) Selective Coding
There are 8 threats to internal validity. Name them.
1) History
2) Maturation
3) Testing
4) Instrumentation
5) Statistical Regression
6) Selection Biases
7) Experimental Mortality
8) Ambiguous Causal Time Order
Form of sampling where the likelihood that any given element will be selected is not known is called ____________ and the four types of such sampling are?
1) Non-Probability
2) Purposive
3) Quota
4) Snowball
5) Reliance on Available Subjects
What are the four main points to keep in mind when writing items for questionnaires?
1) Make Items Clear
2) Keep Items Short
3) Avoid Negative Items
4) Avoid Biased Items and Terms
The structure of the interview that may have predetermined questions or areas to be discussed is called ______________? What are the 3 types?
1) interview schedule
2) Structured Interview
3) Unstructed Interview
4) Semi-Structured Interview