Filtration
What is filtration used for in chemistry?
to separate solids from liquids or gases in order to purify or isolate substances, removing impurities or unwanted particles.
What is crystallization used for in chemistry?
to separate solute from solution.
What is simple distillation used for?
to separate the solvent from a solution.
What is fractional distillation used for?
to separate two miscible liquids with different boiling points.
What is the line drawn near the bottom of chromatography paper called?
base line
List all the equipment required for a filtration setup.
funnel, filter paper, conical flask
What happens to the solute and solvent after crystallisation is complete?
solute becomes a solid crystal.
solvent evaporated into vapour.
Explain the process of simple distillation.
the mixture is heated and the substance with the lower boiling point vaporizes first. The vapour is then condensed back into liquid.
What is the difference between simple and fractional distillation?
a fractionating column is used
Define paper chromatography.
a technique used to separate and identify the unknown substances in a mixture
What is the solid remaining on the filter paper called?
residue
Give two examples of practical applications of crystallisation in daily life.
make sugar, salt or any reasonable answers.
What is the function of the condenser in simple distillation? Describe where the cold water enters and leaves the condenser.
condense the vapour into liquid. cold water go in from bottom and out from the top of condenser.
State two functions of glass beads in a fractionating column.
1) to provide more surface area in condensation.
2) to slow down the rate of diffusion of vapour.
Why do certain pigments move further up the chromatography paper?
dissolve better in the solvent and have less attractive force with the chromatography paper.
What is the liquid that passes through the filter paper called?
Filtrate
Define solubility.
the maximum solute can be dissolved at that temperature in a specific solvent volume.
How can you determine the purity of the distillate?
to check the boiling point of the distillate.
Give two industrial applications of fractional distillation.
separate alcohol from fermentation
separate petroleum
How is the Rf value calculated in paper chromatography?
Rf = Distance travelled by substance / Total distance travelled by solvent.
Explain how you would separate and recover both sand and salt from their mixture using filtration.
- Add water
- filter the salt out from the solution
- heat the filtrate until completely dried.
How do impurities affect the appearance and purity of crystals?
it can affect the color, size, and shape of crystals
Why must a thermometer be used in simple distillation?
to monitor the temperature of the vapor in the distillation setup.
Why is fractional distillation classified as a physical method of separation?
Fractional distillation is a physical separation method because it separates components based on their physical properties, such as boiling points, without changing their chemical composition.
How can invisible spots be made visible in chromatography?
spray locating agent