Unit 1
Unit 1
Unit 1
Unit 1
Unit 1
100
What is the term for any measure whose purpose is to improve health or alter the course of disease?
Medical Intervention
100
What is the name of the test that combines targeted tagging with antibodies and an enzyme reaction that produces a visible color change?
ELISA- Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay
100
Why does it matter if a bacteria is gram positive or negative? Why do we care?
Because they are structured differently, thus killed differently. (with antibiotics)
100
What bacteria is killed first with an antibiotic? Most resistant or least resistant?
Least resistant
100
What are the 4 nucleotides that make up DNA and their complimentary base pairs?
AT and GC
200
What is the term for a sudden rise in the incidence of a disease?
Outbreak
200
What is the term for the reactant on which an enzyme works?
Substrate
200
What is the DNA-containing area of a bacterial cell?
Nucleoid
200
What is the term for mechanical energy that is transmitted by longitudinal pressure waves in a medium (such as water or air)?
Sound
200
What is a substance that presents the immune system with a harmless variant of a pathogen, thereby stimulating the immune system to mount a long-term defense against the pathogen?
Vaccine
300
What is the term for a specific causative agent of disease?
Pathogen
300
Name the 5 components used to conduct an ELISA?
Experimental sample (from a person of interest), detergent, primary antibody, secondary antibody with enzyme-linked colormetric tag, substrate
300
What is a small ring of DNA that carries accessory genes separate from those of the bacterial chromosome?
Plasmid
300
What is the term for how quickly sounds waves move?
Frequency
300
Who is Edward Jenner and what did he invent?
Small pox vaccine- he made a vaccine using the cow pox virus.
400
Who are the people responsible for finding connections between individuals and tracking disease exposure?
Contact tracers
400
What does a darker color on an ELISA possible indicate?
They go the illness first, or that they are the sickest
400
What are the 4 major classes of antibiotics?
- β-Lactams
- Tetracyclines
- Fluoroquinolones
- Sulfa antibiotics (Sulfonamids)
400
What is the term for how tall a sound wave is?
Amplitude
400
What is an attenuated vaccine?
A vaccine made from a live, weakened form of a virus
500
What is the field of science that combines biology, computers, and information technology to store and analyze genetic data?
Bioinformatics
500
Why do we do serial dilutions?
As a reference point to compare and contrast unknown concentrations or to dilute the concentration of a substance so that the result can be quantified. (Think bacteria on a petri dish.)
500
What is the term for when bacteria develop the ability to defeat the drugs designed to kill them?
Antibiotic resistance
500
What is the function of the component of the ear called the pinna?
Most outer part of the ear that directs sounds inside the ear canal
500
What are immunizations created using inactivated toxins called?
Toxoid. ex. Tetanus
600
What is the 13-year-long project publicly funded by Congress which mapped the genetic layout of a human being?
Human Genome Project
600
Why do college students living in dorms are populations that often see meningitis outbreaks?
Close quarters. Densely populated dorm rooms, sharing food...
600
What is the purpose of streaking a plate on a petri dish into 4 different quadrants?
To isolate colonies- it makes it easier to identify and study
600
What part of the ear is the cochlea in?
Inner
600
What is a form of indirect protection that applies only to contagious diseases. It occurs when a sufficient percentage of a population has become immune to an infection, whether through previous infections or vaccination, thereby reducing the likelihood of infection for individuals who lack immunity.
Herd Immunity
700
What is an organisms complete genetic make-up/material?
Genome
700
How did ELISA data allow us to track the path of infection at the college?
It showed us the chain of infection- who got it first, second...
700
What is gene transfer?
When cells transfer DNA to another cell
700
What part of the ear is the tympanic membrane (ear drum) in?
Middle
700
What is a DNA molecule made in vitro with segments from different sources?
Recombinant DNA
800
What is the process of determining the order of nucleotides in DNA?
DNA Sequencing
800
Discuss the limitations of using antigen concentration to deduce the path of infection:
Their color change may be lighter which may mean just getting an illness, or recovering from one.
800
What are the three methods of gene transfer?
Conjugation, transformation, transduction
800
What is the difference between sensorineural hearing loss and conductive hearing loss?
Conductive hearing loss occurs when sound conduction is impeded through the external ear, the middle ear, or both. Sensorineural hearing loss occurs when there is a problem within the cochlea or the neural pathway to the auditory cortex.
800
Name two qualities that make an effective vaccine?
Effective, affordable, should stimulate both T cells and B cells, have long term lasting effects, should not call for numerous doses or boosters
900
What is the name of the online search tool used to identify pathogens/DNA?
BLAST
900
What is the “Right to Know Law”?
A policy to ensure that data and records are made available to all when the health of the public is in danger.
900
What is the gene transfer method which is the one-way transfer of DNA between bacteria in cellular contact
Conjugation
900
What is the Rinne test?
Hearing test that uses a tuning fork that is tapped on a surface and held behind the ear and in front of the ear to check the bone and air conduction levels of hearing
900
What are the 3 routes of administration for injections?
Subcutaneous, intradermal, subcutaneous
1000
What is a protein secreted by plasma cells (differentiated B cells) that binds to a particular antigen and marks it for elimination?
Antibody
1000
Anthony still insists that he needs an antibiotic to treat his viral infection. Explain to him why an antibiotic will not help him get better.
Antibiotics only treat bacterial infections.
1000
Which gene transfer method which uptakes and expresses foreign DNA of another cell?
Transformation
1000
What is a graphic representation of the relation of vibration frequency and the minimum sound intensity for hearing?
Audiogram
1000
What are restriction enzymes and where do they come from?
Come from bacteria and cut DNA at specific sequences at specific sites
1100
What is a macromolecule that elicits an immune response by lymphocytes?
Antigen
1100
What is a substance produced to inhibit or kill another microorganism (bacteria?
Antibiotic
1100
What is the term for the transfer of genetic material from one organism (such as a bacterium) to another by a genetic vector?
Transduction
1100
What is an electrical prosthetic device that enables individuals with sensorineural hearing loss to recognize some sounds and that consists of an external microphone and speech processor?
Cochlear implant
1100
Sticky ends vs. Blunt cuts
Sticky ends- DNA sequences cut with uneven edges (stair step). Blunt cuts, straight down with even ends
1200
Put the terms below in the correct order in the following sentence:
A ____ dissolves a ____ to produce a ____.
Solute, solvent and solution
Solvent, solute, solution
1200
Who was Hans Christian Gram and what was his major contribution to science?
He created a lab process called the gram stain which identifies gram positive bacteria from gram negative bacteria
1200
What is a superbug?
A strain of bacteria that has become extremely difficult to kill and extremely resistant to antibiotics
1200
Why might cochlear implants be controversial?
Some people in the deaf community believe there is nothing to fix. They don't see deafness as a disability or something that needs fixing
1200
A new flu vaccine is formulated and released every year. Explain why one shot against influenza does not necessarily protect a person from year to year. Think about the genetic material of the virus.
Viruses mutate