Outbreak
Bacteria
Organ Transplant
Compatibility
Cancer
DNA Analysis
Random
100
Which statement is NOT true about the meningitis vaccine?
A. this vaccine is thoroughly tested and completely safe
B. getting a meningitis vaccine gives you 100% guarantee you won't get meningitis
C. it is recommended to get the meningitis vaccine when you are about 12
D. you might still get meningitis even if you've gotten the vaccine, but your version of the disease will be much milder and you will avoid hospitalization
B
100
A circular piece of DNA that contains extra genes for bacteria
Plasmid
100
What are 3 symptoms of organ rejection?
flu-like symptoms, fatigue, fever, shortness of breath, pain, swelling
100
True or false (and why): in order to reduce the chances of organ rejection, the organ recipient should have as many HLA alleles that match the donor as possible
True, the more antigen alleles they have in common, the more likely the organ will not be rejected (the more compatible they are)
100
Match the vocabulary word to the definition:
1=C, 2=A, 3=B
100
What is the purpose of gel electrophoresis?
To separate DNA pieces in a sample by size
100
What's the difference between the independent variable and the dependent variable?
Independent variable: the thing that is controlled by the scientist
Dependent variable: the thing that changes BECAUSE of the independent variable changing. This is what the scientist is measuring
200
Which action should NOT be recommended to the public during a meningitis disease outbreak?
A. Avoid being in large crowds
B. Wear a mask
C. Get vaccinated
D. Wash your hands frequently
E. These should all be recommended
E
200
How should antibiotics affect pathogenic bacteria? How should they affect your healthy gut bacteria?
Ideally, antibiotics should completely eliminate pathogenic bacteria. It should decrease healthy gut bacteria but not completely eliminate it, so that once you stop the antibiotic the population of gut bacteria can recover
200
True or false (and why): if all else is equal, a candidate who has had a failed transplant in the past will be a lower priority than a candidate who has never had a transplant
True. This indicates that they will be more likely to reject any future transplants so they will be a lower priority
200
True or false (and why): A person with blood type O+ can donate to anyone with a positive blood type, but cannot donate to anyone with a negative blood type
True. A person with type O+ has Rh molecules, but nothing else. This means that a patient would only reject their blood if they did NOT have Rh molecules (if you have a negative blood type, your immune system will attack the Rh molecules)
200
Why is stage 4 of cancer the most serious one?
Stage 4 is when it has metastasized (spread to body parts that are far from where the cancer started), which makes it much harder to get rid of every cancer cell
200
What is always used as a control in the first lane of gel electrophoresis?
A DNA ladder
200
Match the ethical perspective to its description:
1=B, 2=C, 3=A, 4=D
300
True or false (and why): CRISPR is a way of diagnosing disease
False, CRISPR is a DNA editing technique
300
What are 3 differences between gram + and gram - bacteria?
gram + has a thicker cell wall and no extra membrane layer or endotoxins. They are easier to treat with antibiotics.
gram - has a thinner cell wall and has an extra membrane layer with endotoxins. They are harder to treat with antibiotics.
300
What does NOTA stand for, and what 4 criteria does it use for determining who gets an organ?
National Organ Transplant Act
Age, time on waiting list, location (proximity to donor), compatibility
300
An organ is donated in New York City. The donor has type A+ blood. Which patient would get the organ and why?
1. 20-year old, 50 miles away, has been on the transplant list for 4 months, and has type A– blood
2. 70-year old, 50 miles away, has been on the transplant list for 6 months, and has type A– blood
3. 19-year old, 5 miles away, has been on the transplant list for 3 months, and has type A+ blood
4. 60-year old, 5 miles away, has been on the transplant list for 3 months, and has type A+ blood
Patient 3 would get the organ. Patients 1 and 2 are eliminated because A+ blood cannot be given to someone with type A- so they are not compatible. Patients 3 and 4 are equally close to the donor and have been on the waiting list for the same time, but preference is given to younger candidates so patient 3 would get priority.
300
What are 4 things that increase your risk of almost every type of cancer?
Lack of sleep, old age, family history, smoking
300
How does gel electrophoresis work?
The pieces of DNA are negatively charged, and they move toward a positive charge. Smaller pieces move through the agarose gel farther than larger pieces because it is like a maze.
300
What is the difference between a physical therapist and an occupational therapist?
Occupational therapist helps patients engage in meaningful activities of daily life such as self-care, work, socialization. Physical therapist focuses on improving movement, strength, and endurance.
400
What are 2 things an ELISA can be used for?
To determine whether or not someone has a specific disease, and to determine what concentration of that disease they have
400
How can gram staining be used to determine if a bacteria is gram - or gram +?
Gram + bacteria will stain a dark color because its thicker cell wall will absorb the stain. Gram - bacteria will stain a light color because its cell wall is thinner and is covered by an extra membrane layer.
400
Match the vocabulary word to the description:
1=C, 2=A, 3=D, 4=B
400
An organ is donated in Chicago. The donor has type B– blood. Which patient would get the organ and why?
1. 46-year-old, 30 miles away, has been on the transplant list for 3 years, and has type B+ blood
2. 37-year-old, 32 miles away, has been on the transplant list for 2 years, and has type O+ blood
3. 72-year-old, 35 miles away, has been on the transplant list for 2 years, and has type B– blood
4. 80-year-old, 30 miles away, has been on the transplant list for 3 years, and has type AB+ blood
Patient 1 would get the organ. Based on blood type compatibility, patient 2 has to get eliminated first because they have type O+ blood, so they can't receive from someone with B+ (their immune system would attack the type B molecules). Patient 3 is farther away and has been on the waiting list for less time. Patient 1 and 4 are the same distance and have been on the list for the same amount of time, but patient 1 is younger so they will get priority
400
Your patient has a very strong family history of cancer, and they want to know how likely it is that they develop cancer. What should you tell them?
Having a family history does increase your chances of developing cancer, but it doesn't guarantee that you will. Lifestyle and environmental factors also play a role.
400
What is the purpose of each of these in PCR: primers, polymerase enzyme, nucleotides
Primers bind to the DNA sequence you want to copy, then the polymerase enzyme uses the nucleotides to build the rest of the DNA from there
400
What is the education requirement for a physical therapist? What about for an occupational therapist?
Occupational therapist needs a masters, physical therapist needs a DPT (doctor of physical therapy)
500
List 2 tests that can be used to diagnose a disease during an outbreak
Sanger sequencing, ELISA
500
This is the bacterial structure which allows bacteria to share plasmids in the process of conjugation
pilus
500
Choose the 2 individuals that would NOT be on a transplant team from the following options: anesthesiologist, virologist, transplant surgeon, perioperative nurse, epidemiologist, pharmacist
Virologist (studies viruses) and epidemiologist
500
Use the test results to determine the blood type of each patient
1=O+, 2=O-, 3=A+, 4=A-, 5=B+, 6=B-, 7=AB+, 8=AB-
500
What are the benefits of using personalized medicine based on DNA sequencing to treat disease?
Using an individual’s genetics can help a doctor determine which medicine is most likely to work, as well as what side effects are likely for that person. It can be used for other diseases besides cancer!
500
What's the difference between gene therapy and gene editing?
Gene therapy is using a vector such as a virus or plasmid to insert a functional gene into a patient's cells. Gene editing uses tools in the cell (such as CRISPR) to cut DNA and replace mutated genes.
500
What are the 3 main components of a prosthetic limb?
socket, suspension system, pylon/frame
600
What are structures 1, 2, and 10?
Malleus, incus, stapes
600
Match the type of antibiotic to the way it kills bacteria:
1=C, 2=D, 3=A, 4=B
600
What are 4 things that NOTA accomplished?
outlawed sale of human organs, created the OPTN (Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network), excluded wealth/celebrity/prison status from transplant decisions, determined that patients with HIV can still get transplants if they're asymptomatic
600
Which patients would be able to donate blood to a patient with blood type AB-?
Patient 2, 4, 6, and 8. They all have negative blood types, which can be donated to an AB- patient
600
What are the drawbacks of using personalized medicine based on DNA sequencing to treat disease?
A person's genes are not the only thing that can influence disease - their environment and behavior will also play a role. Although this technique has gotten less expensive and time-consuming, it is still not particularly fast and cheap compared to traditional medicine.
600
You want to know your chances of inheriting Huntington's, which is a dominant disease. Your mother doesn't have this disease. However, you don't know your father and are unsure if he had the disease. What would be your chances of inheriting Huntington's if your father did have it? What would be the chances if he did not?
50% if he has it, 0% if he doesn't. Since Huntington's is a dominant disease and your mom does NOT have it, her alleles must be hh (both recessive). If your father also did not have Huntington's (hh), you would be getting one recessive allele from each so you would have a 0% chance of getting it. If your father did have Huntington's he would have a dominant allele (Hh), which means you would have a 50% chance of inheriting it.
600
Which of these shows proper APA format?
1. Author Last Name, First Name. "Title of Article." Title of Journal, volume number, issue number, date, p-p. http://xxxxxxxxxxx
2. Author, A. A. (year). Title of the article. Title of Periodical, volume number(issue number), p–p. http://xxxxxxxxxxx
3. Author AA. Title of the article. Title of Journal. Date; volume number(issue number): p-p. http://xxxxxxxxxxx
2 is correct. Authors should be listed as last name, first initial (with a period after it). Then the year in parentheses. Next the title of the article, NOT in italics or quotation marks. Then the name of the journal, which should be in italics. After that you put a comma, then the volume number and the issue number in parentheses right next to it, then another comma and the page numbers.