Temperature Regulation
Physiology of Training
Review
Performance & Ergogenic Aids
Wild Card
100
________ is the training effect that occur when a system is exercised at a level beyond which it is normally accustomed.
What is overload?
100
TRUE or FALSE Training increases maximal heart rate.
False
100
________ provides energy for muscular contraction at the onset of exercise & short-term, high-intensity exercise
ATP-PC system
100
What is stroke volume?
volume of blood ejected from the ventricle with each heart beat
100
True or False Endurance training results in a reduction in type IIx myosin ATPase and increase in type IIa myosin ATPase isoforms.
True
200
How is body heat production involuntarily increased?
What is shivering and non-shivering thermogenesis?
200
You may see increases in VO2 max of up to ____ with training in individuals with a low VO2 max.
What is 50%?
200
Metabolism is regulated by enzymatic activity. An enzyme that controls the rate of a metabolic pathway is a ____________.
rate-limiting enzyme
200
What ergogenic aid enhances your ability to buffer H+ during exercise?
Bicarbonate loading
200
As the exercise duration increase, how does that affect fuel selection?
As exercise duration increases, the body shifts from metabolizing carbohydrates to primarily metabolizing fats.
300
What is the goal of temperature regulation?
To maintain a constant core temperature and prevent overheating or overcooling.
300
With detraining, the initial rapid decrease in VO2 max is due to what?
What is decrease in SV max (decrease in plasma volume)
300
Venous return increased by:
Venoconstriction Skeletal muscle pump Respiratory pump
300
Why does carbohydrate loading work? Carbohydrate loading useful for what type of athletes?
It increases the glycogen that is stored in body. The more glycogen the longer fatigue can be delayed in endurance sports.
300
Define a motor unit and innervation ratio.
A motor unit is a motor neuron and all the muscle fibers that it innervates. The innervation ratio is the ratio of the number of muscle fibers per motor neuron.
400
Prevention of dehydration during exercise is important to maximize athlete's performance. How do you ensure adequate hydration?
Hydrate prior to performance Consume 150-300 ml of fluid every 15-20 min Ensure adequate rehydration Monitor urine color
400
Following an endurance training program, your body has an Increased capacity of skeletal muscles to extract oxygen from arterial blood. Why?
Increase in capillary density Increase in mitochondria number (and aerobic enzyme levels)
400
What is oxygen deficit? Why is it lower following endurance training?
lack in oxygen uptake at beginning of exercise. Energy requirement can be met earlier by oxidative ATP production at the onset of exercise. Less lactate and H+ formation, Less PC depletion.
400
Why might a combined strength and endurance training program lead to lower gains in strength than strength training alone?
Neural factors Low muscle glycogen content Overtraining Depressed protein synthesis
400
Most, if not all, of the increase in muscle size due to strength training is the result of
What is hypertrophy?
500
Evaporation depends on what 3 things?
Temp & relative humidity Convective currents around the body Amount of skin surface exposed
500
The primary signal during resistance training is an _____________ which leads to _______________.
Increase in muscle stretch Muscle hypertrophy
500
What are the contractile properties of muscle fibers that are highest in type IIx?
Maximal force production Speed of contraction Maximal power output
500
Explain the steps leading up to DOMS.
Strenuous muscle contraction results in muscle damage Membrane damage occurs Calcium leaks out of SR and collects in mitochondria Activates proteases which degrade contractile proteins Results in inflammatory process Edema and histamines stimulate pain receptors
500
What does the conversion of pyruvate to lactate require?
the enzyme LDH NADH+H+
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