Microbes!
History!
Morphology!
Bacteria/Archea
Viruses
100
What is used to determine phylogeny?
Small subunit rRNA? Bacteria/Archaea: 16S Eukarya: 18S
100
What important technique is Joseph Lister credited with?
Sterilization- he flamed his surgical tools before operating
100
What would you call round bacteria arranged in chains?
streptococcus (think: strepto- "strips")
100
What is the sterol-like compound found in bacterial cell membranes? What is its main function?
Hopanoid- stabilizes the membrane (kinda like a 'bacterial cholesterol')
100
Describe and name morphological shapes of viruses (4). Give examples where possible.
1. icosahedral- 20 triangular faces, capsomers (ring shaped units of 5-6 protomers) 2. helical- "hollow" tubes w/ protein walls, ex: tobacco mosaic virus 3. enveloped- has envelope, ex: influenza virus is enveloped and helical (pieces of RNA) 4. binal- binal symmetry, ex. bacteriophage: icosahedral head w/ genetic material, tail pins and fibers for attachment
200
What is the extremely large bacteria we observed in class? (genus only)
Thiomargarita ("sulfur pearl")
200
Describe Redi's experiments with flies, what concept was he examining?
Redi showed flies don't spontaneously generate Open bottle, Corked bottle (completely covered), Covered bottle (porous cloth) Eggs inside, No eggs, Eggs on top
200
What are curved (macaroni) shaped cells called?
Vibrio (ex: Vibrio cholera)
200
What component of the bacterial cell wall plays an important role in Gram staining? What are the 2 main components of this molecule? Break down one of the main components into 2 more parts.
1. pepidoglycan 2. polysaccharides and peptides 3. alternating N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid sugars (cross linking by peptides)
200
Give the major features of the HIV virus (5).
1. enveloped 2. spikes: gp120- binds virus to host at the CD4 receptor and CCR5 coreceptor 3. 2 segs of identical RNA 4. reverse transcriptase (RNA -> DNA) 5. DNA is integrated into host genome
300
What are the five major groups of microbes and what domain are they in/what cell type are they?
1. bacteria- prokaryotic 2. archaea- prokaryotic 3. protists- eukaryotes 4. fungi- eukaryotes 5. virus- non-living/acellular!
300
Describe Pasteur's experiments that eventually led to germ theory. What apparatus did he use?
Swan neck flask- unbroken neck -> broken neck
300
What are cells in cubical packets of 8? Flat plates of 4? Give an example of plates of 4. (Genus only) What makes organisms in this genus so special?
1. sarcina 2. tetrad 3. Deinococcus these are incredibly resistant to radiation
300
Name 4 functions of the bacterial plasma membrane and 2 functions of the cell wall.
1. separate cell from environ. 2. main site of energy gen. (ETC) 3. selectively permeable 4. transport systems 1. maintain shape 2. protection- toxins, osmotic lysis (usu. hypotonic environ., dessication, etc.)
300
Describe the key features of the influenza virus (3).
1. segmented RNA, uses RNA replicase enzyme 2. spikes: a: Neuraminidase- cleaves host lipids and proteins to release virus b: Hemagglutinin- binds to host sialic acid 3. Matrix Protein right inside envelope
400
Name an organism that uses gas vacuoles. (only Genus) Why? (3 reasons)
Anabaena 1. adjust height to specific wavelength of light 2. avoid competitors 3. get nutrients
400
What is Edward Jenner credited with?
first vaccine- material from cowpox protects against small pox
400
You find a bacteria with a rigid, helical shape that is moving around- What would you call it? What structure does it probably have?
Spirillum, likely has flagella
400
What are 5 (out of 6) differences btwn Gram + and - bacteria? Describe components and how they differ.
1. teichoic acid- polymers of glycerol/ribitol joined by phosphate groups, give cell wall - charge (only Gram +) 2. periplasmic space- (both have, larger in Gram -) 3. Plasma Membrane (both have, innermost part) 4. Outer Membrane (only Gram -) 5. Lipopolysaccharides- (only Gram -) 3 parts: (1) lipid A- imbeded in outer mem., endotoxin (2) core polysaccharide (3) O side chain- O anitgen immune response 6. Peptidoglycan (Gram - has thin layer in periplasmic space, Gram + has thick layer in cell wall)
400
What is the name of a large virus from class?
Mimivirus- "mimics a microbe" REMEMBER Viruses are non-living!!!
500
Name the microbe from which a polymerase has been isolated (both Genus and species). What domain of life is it from? Where might you find this organism in nature?
1. Pyrococcus furiosus 2. archaea 3. hydrothermal vent
500
What are Koch's Postulates? What are they used for?
Used to link microbe to disease 1. find in all cases of disease, absent from healthy 2. isolate and grow in pure culture 3. same disease results from inoc. of healthy organisms w/ 2 4. reisolate from diseased host
500
What is the morphology of a bacteria with various, undefinable cell shape? Give an example. (Genus only)
1. pleomorphic 2. ex: Mycoplasma no cell wall causes walking pneumonia
500
Describe 3 potential layers outside a bacterial cell wall.
1. capsules: polysaccharides (usually), organized, NOT easy to remove 2. slime layers: polysaccharide, diffuse, unorganized, easy to remove 3. S layers: protein, organized
500
Describe the viral replication cycle in detail (5). Define tropism.
1. Attachment to host a: tropism: targeting of virus to particular cell, tissue, or organ 2. Entry and uncoating b: 2 mech: fusion or exocytosis (results in vessicle) 3. Synthesis of viral proteins and nucleic acids 4. Capsid assembly 5. Release of virions (complete virus particles)
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