Innate Immunity
What are normal microbiota and and how do they provide protection from disease?
They colonize the surfaces of the body without normally causing disease normal microbiota take up space and use up the nutrients, it makes it less likely that another species could invade
Under what circumstance does an adaptive immune response occur?
Foreign invaders or their products are detected in the body
How does a vaccine work?
Triggers the immune system to make memory cells
which are Memory b & t cells and Antibodies
What are the 6 stages of phagocytosis?
Chemotaxis, Adhesion, Ingestion, Maturation, Killing, and Elimination
Why is igG is produced so much faster in the secondary response as compared to the primary response?
because memory cells were produced during the primary response
What complement pathway is useful during the early stages of infection before the adaptive immune response becomes functional?
The alternate pathway
What is the molecule that activates inactive antiviral proteins?
dsRNA
Contact immunity may result following the administration of what type of vaccine?
Attenuated whole organism
A person has a mutation in the genes that encode transferrin and ferritin. What would be the result of this mutation?
This person’s body would not be able to store or transport iron
What are the processes that involve secreted antibodies?
opsonization during phagocytosis, agglutination, neutralization, and activation of the classical complement pathway.
The complement system and its products play important roles in the overall innate immune response. What is not affected by the complement system?
Interferon production
What sites in the body can B cells be found?
lymph nodes, spleen, red bone marrow, intestinal wall
Which of the following explains why some children developed pollo after receiving the OPV?
The virus in the vaccine reverted to the wild-type strain
a child can produce functional B cells but the process of clonalexpansion and differentiation does not occur. As a result, this child cannot produce plasma cells.
What would be one major outcome of this deficiency?
An inability to produce soluble antibodies
What is an example of an endogenous antigen?
An intracellular virus protein
Which of the following would be presented on MHC class I proteins?
A viral peptide inside a host cell
How does phagocytosis play a critical role in the
immune response to eliminate invading pathogens?
By destroying the infected cells, the immune system limits how quickly the infection can spread and multiply
When a person has been exposed to rabies he/she receives both HRIG (human rabies immunoglobulin) Injected near the infection site as well as the rabies vaccine. What does this strategy represent?
Passive immunotherapy combined with active immunization
What are the 4 types of hyper sensitivity?
Type I (Immediate)
Type II (Cytotoxic)
Type III (Immune Complex-Mediated)
Type IV (Delayed or Cell-Mediated)
What are MHC proteins?
glycoproteins found in the cytoplasmic membranes of most animal cells
What are the cells that recognize MHC class I plus processed and presented antigen?
T cytotoxic cells
Which antigens provokes the strongest adaptive immune response in a normally functioning individual?
Foreign proteins
An infectious disease researcher isolates the pathogen responsible for an emerging disease. The microbe is grown in the lab for many generations. A preparation of the laboratory-grown microbe is subsequently killed with ionizing radiation and then tested for its potential as a vaccine. What type of vaccine is this?
Inactivated whole agent vaccine
what are the characteristic symptoms of degranulation?
respiratory distress, rhinitis(runny nose), watery eyes, inflammation, and reddening of the skin
Red blood cells express which of the following on their surfaces?
Neither MHC Class I or MCH Class II