Abiogenesis and early beliefs
Microorganisms are found across all three of these broad biological domains of life
What are Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya?
Nutrients required by cells in large amounts, such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
What are macronutrients?
Rod-shaped bacterial cells are referred to by this scientific shape term.
What is bacillus (or bacilli)?
Small, circular, extrachromosomal DNA molecules found in many bacterial cytoplasm environments.
What are plasmids?
The theory proposing that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from symbiotic prokaryotes engulfed by early eukaryotic cells
What is the Endosymbiotic Theory?
The scientific system of naming organisms using two names: the genus and the specific epithet
What is binomial nomenclature?
The monomer building blocks that link together via peptide bonds to form proteins.
What are amino acids?
This thick peptidoglycan layer stains purple in Gram-positive cells, whereas Gram-negative cell walls contain this additional outer layer
What is an outer membrane (or lipopolysaccharide layer)
Dormant, highly resistant structures produced by certain prokaryotes to survive harsh environmental conditions.
What are endospores?
Fungi that can exist as either unicellular yeast or multicellular mold depending on environmental temperature.
What are dimorphic fungi?
Francesco Redi used meat containers sealed with cork and this material to disprove spontaneous generation for maggots
What is fine gauze?
Saturated fatty acids lack double bonds, whereas these fatty acids contain one or more double bonds in their hydrocarbon chains
What are unsaturated fatty acids?
Unlike bacteria, cell walls in the domain Archaea lack this structural polymer.
What is peptidoglycan?
Prokaryotic ribosomes are size 70S, whereas eukaryotic cytoplasmic ribosomes are this size.
What is 80S?
The two main stages in a protozoan life cycle are the active feeding stage (trophozoite) and this dormant, resistant stage
What is a cyst?
Louis Pasteur permanently disproved abiogenesis using a flask designed with this unique shape
What is a swan-neck (or S-shaped) flask?
Loss of a protein's 3D structure and biological activity due to heat or extreme pH shifts
What is denaturation?
Mycobacterium species possess a unique, waxy cell wall rich in these lipid molecules
What are mycolic acids?
Membrane transport process exclusive to prokaryotes where a substance is chemically modified as it moves across the membrane.
What is group translocation
Eukaryotic cilia and flagella contain microtubules arranged in this characteristic arrangement pattern.
What is a 9+2 array?
Robert Koch developed these four sequential criteria in 1884 to link a specific microbe to a specific disease
What are Koch's Postulates?
Structurally, DNA contains deoxyribose sugar and thymine, whereas RNA contains ribose sugar and this pyrimidine base instead
What is uracil?
Non-directional random bacterial movement is called a "tumble," whereas directional movement toward a chemical stimulus is called this
What is taxis (or chemotaxis
The plasma membrane model described as a dynamic arrangement of phospholipids and embedded proteins floating freely.
What is the Fluid Mosaic Model?
Multicellular parasitic worms are studied in microbiology despite being macroscopic because their diagnostic stages involve these microscopic forms
What are eggs and larvae?