Gene Transfer
Transfer of genes from parent to offspring
Vertical gene transfer
Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria
Plasmids
Cluster of genes under control of a single promoter
Operon
A change in DNA sequence
Mutations
Gene transfer that spreads antibiotic resistance
Horizontal gene transfer
Uptake of naked DNA from the environment
Transformation
Plasmids often carry genes for this medical problem
Antibiotic Resistance
The lac operon is an example of this type of operon
Inducible Operon
A mutation that changes one base pair but not the amino acid
Silent Mutations
Plasmids are key tools in this scientific field
Genetic Engineering
Gene transfer via bacteriophages
Transduction
The plasmid used in conjugation
F factor plasmid
The trp operon is an example of this type of operon
Repressible operon
A mutation that changes one amino acid
Missense mutation
Bacteria using operons to conserve energy is an example of this principle
Gene Regulation
Gene transfer using a pilus
Conjugation
Biotechnology often uses plasmids as these
Vectors
This protein blocks transcription when bound to the operator
A mutation that creates a premature stop codon
Nonsense Mutation
Bacteriophages are being studied as alternatives to this medical treatment
Antibiotics
One key difference between horizontal and vertical gene transfer
Horizontal = between organisms; Vertical = parent to offspring
Plasmids replicate separately from this
The bacterial chromosome
The molecule that inactivates the lac repressor
Lactose (allolactose)
Insertions or deletions that shift the reading frame
Frameshift mutation
Horizontal gene transfer is one reason why this disease threat is growing worldwide
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR)