Chemistry and Anatomy
These organisms have no nucleus or organelles
What are bacteria?
This is the optimal pH for most bacterial growth
What is 7? (between 6.5-7.5)
A small circular DNA strand that is distinct from a bacteria's chromosomal DNA. It often carries resistance genes.
What is a plasmid?
The study of the cause of diseases
What is etiology?
Antibodies are produced by these immune cells
What are B-cells?
These bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer in their cell wall and are purple after a Gram stain
What is Gram positive?
This microbial community attaches to a surface and secretes a sticky substance for protection
What is a biofilm?
Insertion or deletion of one or more nucleotides in the DNA sequence
What is frameshift mutation?
Antiseptics are used on this surface
What is living skin or tissue?
Immune cells that participate in cell-mediated immunity
What are T-cells?
These tough protein coated cell structures can survive dryness, radiation, chemicals, and autoclaving
What are endospores
This pathway breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate
What is glycolysis?
UV light damages consecutive T-T nucleotide sequences in DNA forming this molecule
What is a thymine dimer?
These non-organisms alter normal proteins to cause neurological diseases like creutzfeldt-jakob disease
What are prions?
This type of antibody is present in the acute phase of a new infection
What is IgM?
A chemical reaction where electrons are transferred between substances. One loses electrons and one gains electrons.
What is oxidation-reduction?
Cells divide rapidly and require a lot of nutrients during this stage of the bacterial growth curve
What is the log phase?
This is the three-nucleotide start codon for translation
What is AUG?
A type of virus that spreads from an animal to humans
What is a zoonotic virus?
Immune cells that phagocytize pathogens and present antigens on their surface for other immune cells to recognize
What is an antigen presenting cell?
This outer coating of some viruses is acquired from the host cell's plasma membrane
What is an envelope?
This type of respiration uses oxygen as the final electron acceptor
What is aerobic respiration?
A DNA region containing a promotor, operator, and structural genes
What is an operon?
New cases of a disease in a given time period
What is disease incidence?
These types of vaccines are generally NOT appropriate for immunocompromised patients because they contain weakened live virus
What is an attenuated vaccine?