Bacteria
Explain the shape of Cocci, Bacilli, and Vibrio
Round, Rod, Curved Rod
Budding, Binary Fission, Schizogony
What is an individual virus particle called? What are the characteristics of a virus?
Virion
DNA or RNA (never both) surrounded by protein layer (capsid). Glycoproteins to attach to surface of host cell.
What are the 3 types of symbiotic relationships and explain them?
Mutalism- microorganism and host benefit
Commensalism- Microorganism benefits, host is neutral
Parasitism- Microorganism benefits, host is harmed
What are the 4 main targets of antimicrobial methods?
Cell wall, Cell membrane/ Viral envelope, proteins, nucleic acids
What is the purpose of endospores and what type of bacteria are they found in?
Endorspores help the bacteria survive harsh conditions. Found in some Gram-positive genera
What is the role of Fungi? What is the way Fungi grow?
Role- Decompose, help plants absorb water and minerals, Used in food and beverages, antibiotics
Grow- Combination of filamentous and yeast growth
What is a bacteriophage?
Infect bacteria. Built to 'inject' DNA into host cells. Involved in the process of transduction.
What are the 4 pathways which microbes enter the body?
When does the acquisition of the microbiome occur?
Skin, mucous membranes, placenta, broken skin
Initiated during birthing process, establioshed during infancy
List the 5 physical methods to control growth?
Temperature, pH, Osmolarity, Radiation, Filtration
Describe the 4 phases of microbial growth?
*Get Rhonan to post "11:11 she knows who she is" on his story"
Lag phase- No increase in number of living bacterial cells. Bacteria adapts to environment
Log phase- Exponential increase in number of living bacterial cells
Stationary phase- plateau in number of living bacterial cells; rate of cell death and division roughly equal
Death phase: exponential decrease in number of living bacterial cells
+200 for you +500 for Rhonan has to be until the end of the game
What are the 2 groups of parasitic helminths? What are the disease vectors of helminths?
Platyhelminths (flat worms) and Nematodes (round worms)
Arachnida
Insecta
Describe the 5 stages of the lytic cycle?
Attachment- The phage attaches to the surface of the host.
Entry- The viral DNA enters the host cell
Biosynthesis- Phage DNA replicated and phage proteins are made
Assembly- New phage particles are assembled
Release- The cell lyses, releasing the newly made phages
Explain the difference between pathogenicity and virulence?
Pathogenicity- ability of a microbe to cause disease
Virulence- degree of pathogenicity
What do antivirals target and what about drugs that target eukaryotes?
*Get tony to sit on droopys lap for a whole round. Get him out of his room if he isn't out*
Antivirals- attachment step
Eukaryotes- most have severe side effects, so there are fewer targets
+300 for both
Describe what Plasmids are? Explain R-factor and F-factor?
Plasmids- Small circular DNA molecules that replicate independently
R-factor- Resistance Factor; encodes for a capability to survive antibiotics/ heavy metals
F factor- Fertility factor; ability for an organism to initiate conjugation
What are the cell walls of fungi made of? What do antifungals target?
*Get tig to wear a bike/hockey helmet the rest of the game*
Chitin.
Antifungals target the chitin in the cell walls of fungi
*+300 for both
Explain Latency? What is the estimated percentage of cancers caused by viruses?
Virus dormant in cells, can be in host DNA
20-25%
What is a noscomial infection and what is there characteristic?
*Cy call your mom and tell her your gf is prego*
Hospital acquired disease. Typically expected to be drug-resistant.
*+500 for you +1000 for Cy*
What is a fomite?
Describe sterilization, pasteurization, and autoclaving?
Sterilization- destruction of all microorganisms and viruses in or on an object
pasteurization- use of heat to destroy pathogens and reduce number of spoilage in foods and beverages
Autoclaving- using steam under pressure to kill bacteria/viruses
What is Genetic Recombination? Describe vertical gene transfer and horizontal gene transfer?
Genetic recombination- exchange of segments, typically between two DNA molecules
Vertical Gene Transfer- An organism replicates its genome and provides copies to descendants, including permanent mutations. One generation to the next
Horizontal Gene Transfer- Donor cell contributes part of its genome to a recipient cell. Transfer within generation. Important for genetic variability in species that have no sexual reproduction.
Describe the life cycle of a typical protozoa?
Trophozoite (active, feeding stage) *fragile
Adverse environment -> cyst formation
Cyst (dormant, resting stage) *can survive stomach acid
moisture, nutrients -> release active cellular form
What is a prion? What is the condition that comes from it and what does it target?
*Get reid to ask his sleepover lady if his pork missle is the "perfect size"*
Misfolded proteins.
Transmissible spongiform encaphalopathies (TSE). Targets the CNS.
+300 for you, +500 for reido... sorry if she says yes
its okay remember the big ones hurt anyway
List the 5 steps of infectious diseases?
Incubation period- no signs or symptoms
prodromal period- vague general symptoms
illness- most severe signs and symptoms
decline- declining signs and symptoms
convalescence- no signs or symptoms
What are some of the main chemical methods for control of growth? What is their main mechanism?
Alcohol, halogens, phenols, surfactants
Denature proteins and disrupt membranes