Roles of Microbes
Food + Fermentation/Digestive
Help us make food (ex. bread, wine, cheese, yogurt)/ Helps animals digest food (ex. sheep have microbes to help digest grass)
Size/Structure
Small size + simple structure makes it easier to study than our large complex cells
Bacteria/Archaea
some pathogens --> 1/1000 the size of our cells/environmental extremophiles (prefer low pH, high temp, high pressure) novel biochemistry
What is Taxonomy? Who? What Year?
The classification + naming system for living organisms/ Carl Linnaeus (1700's)
Germ Theory
specific germs cause specific diseases
Human Health/Antibiotics
some are pathogens and many are microbiomes in/on our bodies to make us healthy/many microbes make antibiotics to protect themselves, used to cure disease
large populations
can grow large #'s of microbes cells, very cost effective, larger sample size = more accurate result
Eukaryotic Parasites: Protozoa/Helminths/Arthropods
unicellular, may be pathogenic/microscopic life stages which can cause infections/can transmit microscopic stages of helminths and other microbes
Microscope Development
Robert Hooke (first scope; two sense + light microscope;1665)/Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (1670's first to see living cells)
cell theory
cells come from previously existing cells
Food Chain/Disease Research
Autotrophs (make their own food) and decomposers (breakdown dead plants + animals to recycle into nutrients)
rapid growth rate
study multiple generations in a day (useful for genetic studies)
Eukaryotic Microbes: Algae/Fungi
photosynthetic, aquatic, a few human pathogens/ decomposers, many are single(yeast) some or multicellular (molds) mycoses (disease caused by fungi)
Semmelweis
1800's personal hygiene, wash hands between patients
Pure Culture
all cells arise from one original cell that are in a clump
Biotechnology/Bioremediation
genetically engineered microbes to produce vaccines , treatments, etc./ use microbes to clean up oil spills or produce biodegradable products
Research Benefits
vaccines to prevent disease, antibiotics to cure disease
Viruses (Acellular): Simple structure/Obligate Intracellular Parasite/ Smaller relatives
capsid(protein coat), nucleic acid core --> 1/1000 smaller than prokaryotic cell/needs to be in a host cell to reproduce/viroids(just nucleic acid), prions (just protein)
Fleming
1928, accidentally discovered penicillin, first antibiotic
Spontaneous Generation/Biogenesis
living organisms arise from non-living materials/cells come from other cells
Human Health/Food Chain/Digestive/Food+Fermentation/Antibiotics/Biotechnology/Bioremediation/Disease Research
Help us make food (ex. bread, wine, cheese, yogurt)/ Helps animals digest food (ex. sheep have microbes to help digest grass)
some are pathogens and many are microbiomes in/on our bodies to make us healthy/many microbes make antibiotics to protect themselves, used to cure disease
Autotrophs (make their own food) and decomposers (breakdown dead plants + animals to recycle into nutrients)
genetically engineered microbes to produce vaccines , treatments, etc./ use microbes to clean up oil spills or produce biodegradable products
size + structure/ large populations/ rapid growth rate/ research benefits
Small size + simple structure makes it easier to study than our large complex cells
can grow large #'s of microbes cells, very cost effective, larger sample size = more accurate result
study multiple generations in a day (useful for genetic studies)
vaccines to prevent disease, antibiotics to cure disease
All living organisms are either:
prokaryotic(small size, simple structure, makes it easier to study) or eukaryotic (larger, complex cells, have a true nucleus)
Edward Jenner
1700's, first to practice vaccinations, smallpox
Koch Postulates
Refer to gigi Lowkey too many words to type