Historic Figures
Credited with major advancements in microbiology and immunology fields
demonstrated that fermentation is caused by microorganisms
Invented Pasteurization
Louis Pasteur
Type of microscope that can see bacterial cells, eukaryotic cells, and some types of viruses
Light Microscope
uses electromagnets to focus instead of lenses and electron beams instead of light
Electron microscope
Name 4 common bacterial shapes out of the 6 total
Coccus, Bacillus, Vibrio, Coccobacillus, spirillum, Spirochete
The three correct domains of life
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
What does Eukarya mean?
The “father of Western medicine” and stated that disease is natural, not supernatural
Hippocrates
part of the compound microscope that provides light with a typically high-intensity bulb below the stage
Then the condenser lens gathers and focuses the light rays on the specimen
Illuminator
Microscope that uses refraction and interference to create a high-contrast/high-resolution image without staining the specimen
modified with an annular stop in the condenser and a phase plate
Phase-Contrast Microscope
Microorganism that are acellular
composed of protein and genetic material
Viruses
Name the simple stain that stains negatively charged molecules and structures, producing a positive stain (colored specimen on bright background)
name the 5 differential stains...
1866 rendered the tree of life with 4 kingdoms including Plantae, Protista, Animalia, and Monera
Ernst Haeckel
What was included in the Monera branch?
Type of compound microscope that shows bright specimen on a dark background
modified by an opaque light stop and a direct illumination block
Darkfield microscope
What electron microscope can image the cells in biofilms showing well-defined INTERNAL structures of cells
Transmission electron microscope (TEM)
What is rendered by the SEM in comparison?
structures in certain bacterial cells that allow them to survive harsh conditions are stained using heat to push the primary stain of gram staining into them retaining the initial color and exposing their location in the cell
Endospore Staining
High magnification microscopy technique that increases the amount of light reaching the eye, resolving the refractive index difference between the air and the glass
only used in the 100x objective lens
Oil Immersion
First demonstrated connections between specific microbes and known human diseases such as Anthrax, Cholera, and Tuberculosis
also invented the 'Germ Theory'
Robert Koch
In a phase-contrast microscope, differences in phase are produced by passing the rays through different parts of _______.
this produces an image 'out of phase' with high contrast due to the interference
Phase plate
Which type of electron microscope is modified with backscatter electron detector and secondary electron detector.
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
What is the other type called?
Unicellular fungi
Over 1000 known species
Beneficial in food microbiology
Pathogenic vaginal and oral infections
Yeast
A type of differential staining to distinguish between bacteria with different types of cell walls
4 steps including adding crystal violet, iodine, alcohol, and safranin
Gram staining
Created the phylogenetic tree of life used today
Woese and Fox
Type of lens that refracts passing light towards a focal point
Convex
A ______ immunofluorescent stain is absorbed by a secondary antibody, which is bound to a primary antibody attached to an antigen.
Indirect
What antibody absorbs the stain in direct immunofluorescent stain?
Unicellular prokaryotic organisms that are extremophiles
Cell walls are composed of pseudopeptidoglycan
Archaea
Can they be pathogenic to humans?
The greatest resolution in light microscopy can be obtained by what size of wavelength in visible light
shortest wavelength of visible light